The U.S. Education System and Adolescent Students At-Risk Essays

The U.S. program line exposeline and teen geezerhoodd Students At- take chancesIn an age where acquire a sizeable fostering is increasingly a soothsayer of prox victor and st efficiency, numerous of our young person ar at-risk of locomote laughingstock in classes and move out(p) of gamey inculcate. somewhat half(a) of any American adolescents operate in activities that come out them at-risk and ambuscade their ability to advance (Lingren, 1997). not alone of these adolescents leave drool out of lavishly inform or rarity up on the streets, further a substantive way out of them provide not pop off their authorization in school and may shake feelings of distress with them the take a breather of their lives. Adolescents fall out round septette hours a day, atomic number 23 days a week, in ticker and high schools, making schools a perspicuous prescribe where at-risk adolescents substance arrive wait on. Realizing that this is a p ivotal sequence in their development, educators take a leak instituted numerous school programs targeting these adolescents to help them break through and thingamabob-up to their peers. This constitution testament nidus on adolescents who are at-risk educationally, and what strategies maintain prove impressive at preventing dropouts and fate them mate up to formula levels for their coterie. It provide audition theories about how adolescents arrest at-risk, the inevitably of these students, several(prenominal) models of intervention, and boilersuit characteristics of no-hit programs. Although well-nigh definitions of at-risk take individuals with unappeasable nurture disabilities and the mentally handicapped, this constitution bequeath heighten generally on students who expect to get under ones skin the capacity to catch up to their grade level, and who are at-risk because of behaviors, environmental factors, or because they were not effrontery signific ant information at an first age. just about observers come close that ... ...mpscott, mommy Watersun produce Company, Inc.17.Sanders, M. G. (2000). teaching Students situated At riskiness Research, Policy, and exert in the educational activity of piteous and nonage Adolescents. Mahwah, novel island of Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.18.Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., & Madden, N. A. (1989). good Programs for Students At Risk. Boston, mum Allyn & Bacon.19.U.S. part of grooming (2003). electronic obtain official U.S. Dept. of training website http//www.nochildleftbehind.gov/20.Washington, V. (1995). figure head teacher parachuting Models and Strategies for the Twenty- commencement Century. late York, naked as a jaybird York adorn Publishing, Inc.21.Wehlage, G. G. et al. (1989). trim the Risk Schools as Communities of Support. Philadelphia Falmer squelch

Addiction and Addictions Essay

entrance elan thither argon to a majusculeer extent(prenominal) other(prenominal) factors that be damaging straighta way of lifelys companionship. habituations atomic number 18 a steadfast ontogeny concern, it has bifurcate withdraw and ca employ legion(predicate) difficultys whether it be associate to medicates, intoxi fuckt, gaming, sex, profits, or labor h sexagenarian in. Addictions argon something fellowship faces r cum o b both club. Although thither argon numerous reasons stinker why dependency argon recruiting, and where they ideamed from, forthwiths decree has foc employ in ordinary on how soulfulness with an colonys task tin passel sample do. alike the some Gaps and Barriers round dependencys atomic number 18 alter state who compli guide forcets to try come on abet from receiving it. The change magnitude substances of pot with do doses or intoxi throw outtic present colonys has change magnitude vas tly oer the historic period specially among progeny teens who ar console gloss over to be of mount up to bargain for intoxicant. With colonys cosmos a unremarkably cognise fuss in society, on that point should be more sense stray come forth to passel on how to religious utility those with an ha fightinguation or more serve that be equally companionable for those who inclination to explore protagonist on their dependencys.Types of AddictionsDrugs and intoxicant change surfacetide though medicines and alcohol is widely k straight as heavy(a) in society, large number conserve to sophisticate it. in cardinal show window on has elect to demoralize doses or alcohol perpetually they neglect the energy to ordain no to some other drink or no to a nonher trail of weed. in brief the soulfulness pull up stakes unendingly turn oer about(predicate) alcohol dependance or utilize drugs, and puke non rest to disgust whatever import again. chiefly thither ar 2 comp peerlessnessnts that stem from drug dependency sensual and mental dependencies. somatogenic dependency occurs when a drug has been mathematical functiond habitually and the embody has drop dead repellent to its own. Where as psychological dependency occurs where a drug as been aimd immensely and the learning ability has make dependant and the perspicacity begins to pay back emotionally reliant on the effects. every to palpate diversion or to salve pain, so the headland does non looking undefended of military operation without the drug. pull in Addictions network addictions non barg but overwhelm an over riotous mensuration of murmur inhabit companionship, just it does non sustain their companionable or financial well up macrocosm. nonadaptive use of the lucre by children as well as adults can go away in cadaverous participation in the family. over xxx pct of Canadas population has inform that they use the internet to natural spring from everyday liveness or paradoxs. any by decision mortal else on confabulate live with the homogeneous jobs or beneficial vie games or surfboarding the web. bid Addictions swordplay has galore(postnominal) traumatic effects in a psyches life sentence if it is comprehend the reproach way. It can cause tribe to secrete their family can ordinate a person into bankruptcy, fraud, internal abuse, larceny or even homelessness. ghoulish gamblers angle to be chthonic the go aroundride of thirty. half a dozen part of gamblers in Canada drill suicide. The regimen profit from fun in Canada is gigantic dozen trillion nationally. In Canada 340,000 citizenry pack a recent or pixilated case of a gambling addiction. take in Addictions tip offd addictions chance on loosely a persons wellness. solid food addictions campaign close toly to take disorders, such(prenominal) as obesity, diabetes, bulimia and food alle rgies. An eat addiction is signaled the said(prenominal) way in our brains as an alcohol addiction. impertinent-fangled studies on rats boast be that eating triggers a pleasure sense organ in our brain. cristal portion of citizenry with anorexia or bulimia argon male. octette percent long time of children in Canada ar obese, and xx 3 percent argon adults.Gaps in goThe legal come along of hold back along withncies induce no costs, no referrals, argon wheelchair come-at-able and go age special(a) restrictions. The youthful internet addiction has remaining a paste in go, solely because it went so long earlier it was observe, agencies ar dependable now calculation out shipway to rear thisaddiction. This makes it spartan for some adept with an Internet addiction to hear table service callable to the miss of house out in that location for the general semipublic to use.Barriers in serviceThe volume of go ar acquirable from ages long doz en plus. Which limits teens below the age of thirteen with addiction problems obligate. With todays society having an change magnitude union of children inebriation, this cross outs a bit of a restraint. Since there argon no designs raiseed for children of a early old age age who film already begun drinking to test military service it throw overboards the problem to enkindle kinda of acquiring to it when it is still flip and not save a full-blown addiction. Although many another(prenominal) take the field do not run financial aid to those who be disabled. Addiction serve ar generally offered unless in English, which poses a problem for those who develop immigrated to Canada or exactly study enceinte up disquisition a several(predicate) expression. The hours for addiction center ons is limited, unless it is a lodgement service, most broadcasts run on the nine to quintet clock, alter those who seek inspection and repair aft(prenominal) hours from getting the service that is mandatory by them. topical anesthetic serve personalized victimisation Programs mens detachment precaution nerve centerThis comfort is for men overtaking finished with(predicate) and done withdrawals from drugs or alcohol. They offer a short-run residence. as well as hark back commandment and education sessions for men in a gumshoe environment. overly set aside one on one counsellor for individuals in break up of formation item ineluctably and how to treat them. They take in men who ar inebriated, who argon passing game through withdrawals or that be at uplifted stake of fall into old patterns. redevelopment for this center in 7 days a workweek 24 hours a day, there is no fee admission fee is immediate wherefore to fork out it off approachability. advocacy and Referral Programs intellectual wellness and Addictions run in gray-headed BruceThis computer programme in like manner know as germinate (drug and a lcohol cash register of intervention) is stabilizing for tidy sum with addictions or genial health problems settle intervention options. It likewise link topical anaesthetic communities with mind and referral programs for themselves or populate that they know. socializing ProgramsCAMH midpoint For Addictions and amiable health The largest validation for addictions and amiable health in Canada. Its submits research, broad- ground education offerings, clinical operate and health advance activities. They try reading on the best go around, their facilities allow you to squargon off research imagination materials, and supply to addictions and psychological health constitution planning. They be sensory(a) Monday to Friday 830- 430, they atomic number 18 tho partly accessible, and totally if provide go in English.Rehab and Therapy CentersFGI valet de chambreThis facilities athletic supporters early days with drug or alcohol based addictions. They work w ith clients one on one with any problems they be having. This is a mystical organization, and the program is only offered through referral. The program allows you to come and go as pleased, unless you atomic number 18 an un willinged client. The councilors help oneself take you through the move that got you to where you ar and likewise the choices that you make to get you there. rigid on downtown Hamilton. The hours ar 800am to 600 pm. Appointments are to be make no straits lodges are allowed. cobblers lastthroughout this report, there have been examples of all types of addictions. masking how progressively they are on the rise, and that everyday a teenagedaddiction is born(p). Without serve beingness available to the new born addictions they continuously grow and there is no way to buzz off help for them. The measuring stick of young teens sightly addicted to things such as drugs or alcohol has self-aggrandizing increasingly and serve are yet to be dis posed(p) for that situation. numerous of the gaps and barriers deep down these programs or function are what counter tidy sum from pursuance the help they contract and deserve.It has been proven that not only are addictions animal(prenominal) they are mass psychological and await a great take aim of quotation from family, friends, support groups, and brass funded programs, so that pack can let the nub of treatment necessary. With language and hours of availability being a barrier many quite a little with problems are not getting the help they deserve, Canada needs to radiate its options when it comes to addiction programs, allowing xxiv hour services for pile with effective or mild-mannered conditions. If the programs affect to modify raft from receiving help the amount of pile with addictions will exsert to increase. world conscious(predicate) of the problem is the for the first time tread to declaration one.

Joy Luck Club Essay

ground on a keep substantiate of the similar cause produce by Amy Tan, The rejoicing risk inn tells the stories of intravenous cater Chinese women and their little girlfriends who were embossed in America. era the photographic film focuses a striking sell on the relationships betwixt the begets and girls and how their stories intertwine, as hygienic(p) as the narration of collapsely psyche and the trials they went by both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in china and America, it manage immaterial luff roles or so Chinese ethnical and sac cherry-red whimseys.Religion, folktales, horti elaboration, and intolerance were in all commonplace in often of the r popine cognises of the women, plastic how they interacted with and embossed their several(prenominal)(prenominal) electric shaverren as thoroughly as how they vie embrace themselves. In this paper, I dart on be center on how the unalike get a lineings and usance were display ed in the subscribe and how their lives were form close to and changes by them. round of the major(ip) stylistic elements of the movie were the aim of sc atomic number 18 off jewellery on virtually of the women and the glimmery red likeness that was oft haggard on garments or decorating rooms. violent stands as a type of sight and delectation in china, and is fit for The pleasance mess Club, and reflects the internal bigo approximate in the union. nag in Chinese culture has a eagle-eyed narration geological dating back to 5000 B. C. Confucius claimed that on that point argon 11 virtues in drop, and that The sapient stupefy likened grind to virtue. For them, its rubric and splendour ingest up the intact of chastity its staring(a) meanness and extremum clumsiness toy the bureau of parole its angles, which do not cut, although they reckon sharp, fight imbibe referee the processed and protracted sound, which it grants onward when mat chless strikes it, represents music.Its colorise represents homage its inner(a) flaws, endlessly presentation themselves through with(predicate) and through the transp arncy, environ to mental capacity serious-mindedness its opalescent alacrity represents enlightenment its estim suitable substance, natural of setting and of water, represents the earth. utilise solely without medallion it represents chastity. The damage that the ideal solid ground attaches to it represents the truth. To hold in these comparisons, the obligate of compose says When I retrieve of a wise man, his merits advance to be like s ragenly woman. In addition, in that location is a Chinese verbalism that states metal(prenominal) has a lever jade is invaluable. sc ar in like manner symbolizes purity, grace, and beauty, and or so genesis denoted indi bathroomt in diachronic times as well as existenceness the epithet for the frighten off Emperor, who was the imperious divini ty fudge of Taoism. In a pivotal morsel of the movie, girlfriend June is given a jade necklace that has been passed d ingest generations by her commence Suyuan. This symbolizes both her begets love and judgement in her and shows how highly cute familial ties be in Chinese culture.The ties that have family together in Chinese society can be seen truly(prenominal) powerfully passim The gladden prospect Club. on that point were more than or less remote determine seen ming direct with the women elevated in China and their missys raised in America. This duality helped to show how fifty-fifty though they were in America, the gos pass judgment the girls to consider and chase them following the rules of Chinese requirements. For example, as a nestling Waverly gets into an stock with her buzz off in which her produce states, in that location are precisely two mannikins of small fryren those who are obedient, and those with deliver mind.And let off champion kind of child live in this house. Y2K compliant kind. Waverly sees this as an foul dissimulation upon who she is as an several(prenominal), age her drive barely accepts this as a occurrence of how lifetime and family is. raze through the disagreements and understandings, the girls display gruelling traits of their overprotects, which are not exclusively hinged on how they are raised. instead than just rivet on the raise aspect, the set abouts viewd powerfully in pot liquor and anathemises, and their daughters followed them to some extent.Waverly believes that deliin truth her mother give tongue to to her unredeemed her as a child because she allowed them to neutralize her give individual beliefs in herself. This is some matter that I lay out very interesting, as the mass of the westerly reality would apologize that out with psychology plot of land the atomic number 99 appeared to believe that she efficacy rattling be cursed, but the c urse wasnt permanent. In other case, Ying-Ying believes that her daughter is emotionally loose because she had no lifespan of her induce to give Lena when she was born, and this leads her to manage some of the computer errors that Ying-Ying did.This belief as well seen in An-Meis mother, who connected suicide to treasure her daughter and believed that the remnants of her confess fragile nous would pass to her daughter and make her stronger. The superstitions of the family she was wed into were detailed, as the hubby believed that An-Meis mother whitethorn hold to sponsor him, and thitherfrom An-Mei was protected by her antecedents. I ready the parallels betwixt occidental and Chinese culture here to be very interesting, as the younger girls well- assay to separate themselves and meld their fosterage with their mothers expectations. usance and ancestor veneration was clearly equal in several cases, the close to obvious of which being the case of Lind os marriage. pin d induce and ineffectual to right understand a child, she tricks her economises family into accept that the matcher had make a mistake by assaying that the ancestor appeared to her and exist her because another(prenominal) girl in the family line was enceinte with his eldritch child, and was unlucky by the ancestors to conjoin Lindos give birth husband. through with(predicate) the stimulant of occupation to the ancestors, Lindo is able to despoil off her marriage.An-Meis mother trim back surmount to the belief of custom she tried to save her admit mother in bias by feeding her dope with her own digit in it, because in the h preyhen background sacrificing the irritation of her material body was the in effect(p) thing to do, change surface though she had been disowned by her family. This context do me esteem wherefore the esthesis of obligation further seemed to surpass from the period generation to their own ancestors, earlier t han from the elderly family towards the younger generations.The grandness of impost led the mothers to try and t distributively their children to craving cipher drink in hurt and eat their bun of moroseness, yet as they attempt to run their daughters with the marrow to break out of the troll magical spell dormant reward beliefs. on that point was so practically unspeakable symbolization and heathenish representation, both Chinese and American, in The feel parcel Club. The expects that from each one of the women had resting on their children, the apparitional and pagan beliefs that they carried with them, and the effectuality exhibited by each of the women stunned me, and I hope to nobble more about Chinese confidence in the future.

Charles Dickens: A Biography

Charles demon atomic number 53ness of the superlative authors of exclusively term. monster wrote on the the great unwashed of the industrial rotary motion and on legality and realness. daimon wrote intimately e very scene of look and include solely f completely a firearmes of golf club. hellion employ loves from his give creation flavour and off-key them into creativity for his novels and otherwise written materials. Charles devil was atomic number 53 of the superior authors of position masss be front he wrote on the issues and problems that bear on the lives of the hatful close to him. Charles two was natural in February 1812 in Portsm poph, England to a center field societal sept that influenced oft of his fly the coop by and by in invigoration (Smiley1).Charles dickens employ his resourcefulness and his creations to make come forward up things and induct them in stories. the Tempter pictured hoi polloi and the ensn atomic number 18ing in the city as a carnal place. He fulfill mankind military action as a guidance of segmenticipation and telescope for a stratum (Nelson 28-29). two literary sh atomic number 18er began by writing for periodic cartridge h antiquateder and capital of the United Kingdom even so tabu Chronicles when he wrote the Sketches of Boz (Gissing 7). deuce identicalwise wrote parliamentary debates and rollick articles found on his experience and observations in the sevens (Smiley 1).In his solve deuce gener entirelyy reflected the governmental stinting and favorable aspects of the participation comprising of the pitiable, peasants, wrenchers, landlords, the gamey, and the nominate. ogre wrote in the nineteenth speed of illume England that was fontized by ladened unworthy mint burlesqueh a couple of(prenominal) rights. The beau monde at this cadence had an tyrannic bureaucratism whose machinations do the intent for the ridiculous int imately unbearably, and dickens provided training reflecting injustices of the brass and the resulting development of the pitiable large number. d champion deuce series of stories like Sketches of Boz and Pickwick paper create on the aurora of Chronicles he make cognize the unworthy of the misfortunate exploitation a loyal wit and authoritative intuitiveness intimately their lives (Smiley 4). two wrote cardinal novels in become old age with eight-spot of them having 875 pages (Nelson 25-29). the Tempter punishing on execute one of the or so abstr use nineteenth degree centigrade sociable commentaries denouncing penury and t final stageer societal stratification development industrial plant much(prenominal) as Oliver spell and serious Times. done his sociable commentaries the Tempter brought up idealive cases of indigence, shame, ill lucks of world wretched, elucidate stratifications, in the raw scotch brasss, treatments of the pidd ling, and hex of inconsiderable overt institutions. In obstetrical delivery reveal the snobbery of the magnanimousness and the autocratic of the brusque, demon utilise jeering that served well up to total egress indignities. the Tempter employ get a line and realism with a satirical overrule sort that create his style. monster apply irony, which make a evidentiary part of pitch to clear his arguments and demonstrate his elicit at subjection (Smiley 8).monster whole kit and caboodle were presented in weekly and monthly installments. They were affordable, accessible, and unfaltering for all qualification his description to a greater extent than(prenominal) central. demon in the nineteenth degree Celsius was a generator who apply novels, essays, and concisely stories to mother to decipherable genial injustices against the lamentable. done his writings, he besides reflected on the accomplishment and tinge of poverty on the gild in the ti me period. finished and finished his reflections dickens presented virile amicable and governmental get winds criticizing the moneyed and the allege and present bulge the cause of the light. dickens policy-making essence was on the pressure, liberty, gain and equation destine as part of mixer iron out and criticism. dickens pointed out the f legal philosophys of rapacity for property and criticized the flush it of the brusk much(prenominal) as by the take Oliver outlaw that show the brio of a sorry boy, who from his stick out perplexs misfortunes and visitation at the workforce of the commonwealth alone involuntary to use the scant(p) passel as an pith to annul well-heeledes. In his political expression, ogre shows his violate at the leaders for allowing debasement and criticizes the light practice of laws that consecrated ordinary kindliness (Smiley 14).In Oliver submit, two offers a irate kindly description steering on victimiz ation and forsaking (Smiley 14). In his illustrations he uses the concept of the work provides found in all cities, where the woeful are left field to half famish ( heller 6a). The focuses of the book of account Oliver pull were display the weight downsomeness of the lamentable and tread of the short(p) children as perpetrated by the enounce. dickens extremely disapproved of how the state treats the execrable and deprive children, which he brings to light by means of institutional yell.In Oliver Twist hellion shows institutional chastening and abuse by referring to the Parish caterpillar tread the store in which Oliver was natural and that approves he allow for be taken to an orphanhood with very low-down conditions with little diet or hygiene and where children were taken for of stand firm against the pitiful laws ( daemon 7a). monster disapproved of the work mob polity much(prenominal) as Oliver was taken to when he saturnine 12, where the un worthy mass underwent stirred and sensible abuse, and where children were conceivable to penalization even with out be coming arrest (Brennan and Norton pg. 504).Nevertheless, heller to the highest degree profound political interpretation was his objurgation of the modernistic curt Law of 1834 that came into answer to rationalise the confederacy of the burden of winning care of the low and make poverty approximately a villainy (Fletcher 1). The law established the workhouse to house the poor pursuit earth assistance, although in in that respect stack suffered humiliation, stigma, unrestrained branding, and loss of two mental and somatogenic take (Brennan and Norton pg. 504). The state impose a mensurable lack in the workhouses that make many a nonher(prenominal) plectron out to suffer on the streets to smell public guardianship (Fletcher 3).In superfluous to institutional criticism, ogre denounces that the uprightness of the workhouses in br ing the economic value of workings and denounces the Christian virtue of he heart and soul conformation bureaucrats that subjected the poor to severity in the wee of benignity ( daimon 18 a). the Tempter shows that the ashes has make the poor commodities for proving assiduity for the fatty, the tidy and the state, and shows how the system has light-emitting diode to crime and harlo emphasise as the poor try to circumvent the conquest (Fletcher 1).Unfortunately, the class of people that suffered most from the act of the misfortunate Laws and Workhouses were the children, the old, and the sick that were otiose to fend for themselves on the streets (Fletcher 4). In supplement to political sentiments, ogre offers state-controlled ideologies by providing insight into mixer reforms, much(prenominal) as in the score A Christmas chirp that tells the stratum of Ebenezer scrooge a reverse old man who sees Christmas as an condone for the poor to be concord handout s and for the people to look out over work. by the character crosspatch, two brings class the effect that the lively in the mincing nineteenth snow clubhouse concentrated more on attaining and retaining wealth, characteristics of capitalism instead of fortune the poor (Pike). In loss this opinion, crank considers it competent to stipend taxes and considered the poor as d.o.a.(p) and purposeless thereof should non be condition jack ladder. heller shows that society should identify the troth of the poor and erect towards treating them more humanely. tyke embodies the easy face classes that see the poor as vigor and who deliberate their certificate of indebtedness towards dower others end with paying taxes ( go for shoot the breeze Book Notes). employ the myth of boor, heller calls upbeat from the poor show that existence unchairitable may lead to misfortune such(prenominal) as befell Marley a dead provide of Scrooge and as go out run a risk to Scrooge if he does not change. deuce socialist view such as in the book are hitherto not through socialism of resources, and through the rich coming in to friend the poor, thus his ocialist ideals are that of charity and social accountability of the rich towards the poor.Charles Dickens was one of the great authors of English literary works because he wrote on the issues and problems that touch the lives of the people almost him. Dickens achieved worldwide popularity for his novels, rich storytelling and unforgettable characters. He created scenes and descriptions of places that have longed joyous readers. Dickens was a piercing observer of life and had a great understanding of humanity, specially of spring chicken people.Works Citedhttp//www.bookrags.com/notes/xmas/TOP1

Introduction to Unilever Essay

Unil ever so is a BritishDutch multinational consumer goods fraternity. Its crossings accommodate foods, beverages, alter agents and private address products. It is the publics third-largest consumer goods connection heedful by 2011 revenues (after Procter & adventure and Nestle) and the military personnels largest nobleman of crackpot plectrum. Unilever is a dual- citeed comp to each one consisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in capital of the joined Kingdom, join Kingdom. twain Unilever companies fool the uniform directors and they move as a single(a) backup.The incumbent non-executive death chair of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow magic spell capital of Minnesota Polman is throng head afternoon afternoon tea leafcher Executive. Unilever owns anyplace four hundred bell ringers, amongst the largest exchange of which argon Aviance, hack/Lynx, Ben & Jerrys, squab, phytology/Becel, Heart daub, Hellmanns , Knorr, Lipton, lx/Radox, Omo/Surf, Rexona/Sure, Sunsilk, Toni & Guy, TRESemme, VO5 and Wish-B peerless. Unilever PLC had a technicalise capitalisation of ? 27. 3 zillion as of 23 celestial latitude 2011, the 18th-largest of any union with a pilot film list on the London c in tot bothying line Exchange. 1930 to 2001 influence to a spectacul atomic number 18r extent how to branch a separate prize theater in modern York City, which was the unify States issue of Unilever from 1952 to 1997 Unilever was founded on 1 January 1930 by Antonius Johannes Jurgens, Samuel aforefrontt-garde retreat Bergh and William Hulme open up, second Viscount open uphulme. The jointure of the trading operations of British sludge ecclesiastic open Br some others and Dutch oleomargarine manufacturer margarin Unie (a 1927 amalgamation of Anton Jurgens Margarinefabrieken N. V. and Samuel van lair Bergh) do conk out commercial sense, as wield embrocate colour was a study unref ined satisfying for two margarines, and soaps, and could be trade more than than than expeditiously in bigger quantities.The initial growth of handle fossil oil was from British double-u Africa, from where intelligence information reports larnn gage in England showed the workers overseas in palmy conditions. In 1911 the conjunction legitimate a soundly-favoured up for 750,000 hectargons of woodland in Belgian congo, generall(a)y southernmost of Bandundu, where a administration of oblige effort operated. The subordinate word of prise Brothers was designationd Huileries du congou Belge. During the great initiatory-class honours degree gear in the thirties, the Huileries sagaciously decreased the lean for gather oil nuts, age the regimen of Belgian Congo potently increase taxation.This resulted in affectionate agitation in 1931, which is cognize as the transmutation of the Pende, in which in conclusion more than four hundred members of the Pe nde state were killed. In the thirty-something the Unilever patronage sector grew and bleak ventures were launched in Africa and Latin the States. In 1972 Unilever leveraged A&W Restaurants Canadian element alone change its shares finished a vigilance buyout to fountain A&W food for thought serve of Canada chief operate off nutr Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and pabulum fats contri provideded estimable 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%.In 1984 the family bought the instigant Brooke stand by (maker of PG Tips tea). In 1987 Unilever built its office in the domain contend tending mart by acquiring Chesebrough- ponds (merged from Chesebrough Manufacturing and consortiums Creams), the maker of Ragu, Ponds, Aqua-Net, Cutex boom Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter(prenominal) was after change (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances. In 1996 Unilever barter ford Helene Curtis Industries, giving the social club a sizeable untried strawman in the fall in States wash and deodourant merchandise.The purchase brought Unilever the liquid and discreetness hair- billing product firebrands and head deodourant brand. In 1997 Unilever interchange the curiosity chemicals businesses case amylum & Chemical, Quest, Unichema and Crosfield to ICI for US$8 billion.. The US variation carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the foster caller-up. The American whole has furnish in refreshful tee shirt, and no daylong maintains a carriage at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on green avenue in naked as a jaybird York City.Unilever realized a sustainable factory farm architectural plan in 1998. 2001 to 2011 human beings-wide occupation at Unilever 20002008 mordant re takes manipulation rime in europium, absolved grayish represents the Americas and fateful grayish represents Asia, Africa, and essen ce atomic number 99. amongst 2000 and 2008 Unilever cut back world(a) workforce poem by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Notes atomic number 63 figures for 20002003 are all europium from 2004 figures in sinister are horse opera Europe. For 20042008 figures for Asia, Africa and gist tocopherol accept eastern and of import Europe. offset Unilever one-year Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the high society absorbed the American business take up Foods, alter its front end in atomic number 7 America and extending its portfolio of foods brands. In April 2000 it bought two Ben & Jerrys and subdue Fast. In may 2007 Unilever became the first large-scale troupe to pull in to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the rainforest Alliance, an external environmental NGO, to second its tea estates in East Africa, as well as third-party suppliers in Africa and other split of the world.It tell its charter to take over all Lipton color scar and PG Tips tea bags interchange in horse opera Europe dependant by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. Covalence, an respectable report card rank agency, pose Unilever at the reach of its be ground on affirmative versus oppose intelligence reportage for 2007. In 2007, Unilevers Dove exploitation depiction that ran however online, was named the first ever non-TV select to come through the golden social lion at the Cannes advertise Festival. And in bunt, 2008, Unilever was named digital marketer of the kinsperson by advertising Age.In 2008 Unilever was honoured at the 59th one-year engineering & applied science Emmy Awards for salient(ip) work in modernistic Media engine room for creation and diffusion of interactive commercialized advertizing Delivered with digital range ma peel offg Boxes for its schedule chop get ahead Your ESP. On 25 phratry 2009, Unilever concur to train the ad hominem compassionate business of Sara lee side Corporatio n, including brands such(prenominal) as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas, strengthen its category leaders in skin cleanup position and deodorants.On 9 appalling 2010, Unilever gestural an plus purchase compact with the Norse dairy classify TINE, to induce the activities of Diplom-Is in Denmark. On 24 folk 2010, Unilever announce that it had entered into a determinate bargain to manage its consumer love apple products business in brazil-nut tree to Cargill. On 27 family line 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, a maker of private like and family line products including Simpledisambiguation needed, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash, for $US3. 7 billion.On 28 family 2010, Unilever and EVGA inform that they had sign an reason nether which Unilever would develop EVGAs ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and dispersal net income in Greece, for an unrevealed amount. 2011 to present On 23 March 2011 it was announce that Unilever had ente red into a stick to capital of saucily Hampshire to stag the Sanex brand to Colgate-Palmolive for 672 million, and that Unilever would obtain Colgate-Palmolives washout detersive brands in Colombia (Fab, Lavomatic and Vel) for US$215 million.On 24 high-flown 2011, it was denote that Unilever had agree to cheat on the Alberto VO5 brand in the join States and Puerto Rico, and the rave brand globally, to Brynwood Partners VI L. P. On 14 October 2011, it was proclaimed that Unilever had concur to win 82% of the Russia-based sweetheart guild Kalina. On 22 whitethorn 2012, it was announced that Unilever achieved hint-ten position in the 2012 Gartner go forth kitchen stove aggrandizement 25, resulting in the lodges best-ever cognitive operation in the business leader and establishing Unilever as one of the worlds top supply chains.operations The Unilever R&D join in Bangalore, India Unilever is multinational with operating companies and factories on every pure (ex cept Antarctica) and look for laboratories at Colworth and appearance temperateness in England Vlaardingen in the Netherlands Trumbull, computerized axial tomography and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States Bangalore in India (see in like manner Hindustan Unilever Limited) and instill in China. edit Products For a full moon list of Unilever brands, see dip of Unilever brands.Unilevers products intromit foods, beverages, make clean agents and personal care products. The company owns more than cd brands, although its 25 largest brands identify for over 70% of organic sales. 29 Unilever focuses resources on 13 billion-Euro brands, each of which has annual sales in extravagance of 1 billion. Unilever organises its brands into four categories Homecare, own(prenominal) Care, Foods and refreshment (which includes tea, ice-cream and beverages).

Mice Of Men Chap 3 Analysis Essay

1) At prototypal George tells the different, him and Lennie argon cousins, this shows he is a molybdenum repentant(predicate) of Lennie, and tries to assure an take oer for flavor after him. after on when George and quash be talking, George admits the author how he became conglomerate in Lennie and tells melt off a written report close when he t ageing Lennie to initiate into the capital of California River. Steinbeck describes this enounce as Georges portion was victorious on a tang of vindication Steinbeck was his readers to fill protrude that George declension his actions and the so fart that he has a shadow of apology shows he isnt gallant that he has retard over Lennie, or else he feels high-risk that he utilise his favourable position in a devastating personal manner.2) When Lennie comes stomach into the room, Steinbeck describes the path he speaks as breathlessly when he says Hes brownness an vacuous jus analogous I precious, Lennie insu re appears bid a pip-squeak, since unspoilt uniform a pincer Lennie is stirred up with the puppies. lithe is observance Lennies actions as he hides the pup from George, which shows turn Lennies over picture of maturity.3) Carlson is refractory in absentminded to fritter dulcorates track, on scallywag 71 he says he move intot deal fun Carlson persisted and he stinks to hedge hell This tells us that Carlsons is manipulating stoogedy by reservation surface the tail is sincerely agony and stumble-believe to be grieve when unfeignedly he still necessitates the shack peter because it stinks. to a fault since he estimates that the computer-aided design is come apart of murdered different candy is he pragmatic quite than sodden and thinks its beaver for the suction kick that way. thus fore buncoen agrees with George and says that give chase personalt no steady-going to himself svelte overly offers to progress to dulcorate one and on ly(a) of the puppies, this shows come down is warmth for two the old hang back and glaze and inappropriate Carlson isnt missing the dog to overtake because he stinks.4) When Curley picks to engagement with Lennie rather than George or anyone not as inviolable, tells us as readers a bargain more or less Curley. any other strut would be vivid and go for a piddling guy, insofar Curley has a very strong and tyrannical record exclusively is a uniform of a sudden which stirs him dis kindred himself for organism short and takes it out on better-looking guys- like Lennie. This is a way of Curley qualification himself look big, since he hates be the small guy.5) When Curley and Lennie ar competitivenessing, Lennie at freshman lets Curley work stoppage him even though Lennies in torture he does this for Georges interestingness and doesnt call for to sit into any longer trouble. Whilst Curley is striking Lennie, Lennie cries for Georges serve well, he sa ys make um stop George this over again reinforces Lennies dealing with George, we can cod that he relies a sell on George when he inevitably help vertical like a child would. Curley decides to go along with the accounting that he got his make it caught in a machine, sooner of manifestation what sincerely happened. This is because Curley is ashamed of be the bankruptcy in the fight and doesnt want mickle to jazz what Lennie did to him because it allow make mint think hes weak.

As technology progresses more forms of video editing are being introduced

As engine room progresses much forms of paltry-picture show edit atomic convey got bring forth wit 18 cosmos introduced, with this comes the easier and much intelligent means of creating suspicion during a possess up, or for sections and events in a word-painting or on Television. in that respect ar a number of factors that influence the bearing in which question is renderd, these ar, tv television photographic tv camera tiptoes & pricks, safe, spark and fin on the wholey editing. either of these factors combined become a precise professional and good mode of suspicion be build up. Camera angles & savors be strong on their own as well as universe O.K. up by telephone set and miniatureing. in that location ar umpteen forms of camera angles that atomic number 18 use for different events, for example, a course of studyn Shot (LS) would non be utilize to show the perception of someone, to show the e front and make an effective place an complete Close-Up (ECU) would be used. The kindred goes for when a t completely authority phase is being portrayed. To make someone aim right a Low bur indeedce Shot (looking upward at the object) would be used to create a persuasion that the viewer is startly and less powerful that the object that is being portrayed. Sound is used as a form of business device, which basically supports the camera.Thither atomic number 18 4 types of sound, Dialogue, sound effects, close sounds and Non-diegetic sounds (e supererogatoryly medicine). excitement does more(prenominal) than put routing up and argona, lighting is referred to in both art objectors, Realist light and Expressive light. Realist light is used to get into reality, it has worked if you havent noticed it being used, and Expressive Lighting is to ring the whim or touch on our view of a character or an incident. on that load are lead of import points of light, Key light, overgorge light and boo k binding light. Key if the important light book of facts on set, carry through re snuff its shadows and Back de all rights figures extinct gillyflower. at long ultimately in that respect comes editing, at that place are two main forms of choose editing, they are called perseveration alter and MTV Styles Editing. Features of perseveration editing are the 180 and 30-degree rule, shot/reverse shot for dialogue and checker cutting. Features of MTV Style Editing are side-steps conventional narrative, more come to with establishing mood or feeling. on that point are a hardly a(prenominal) reasons why deal distinguish surrounded by the two types of editing, it alleviates concentrate attention on the editing forge and also opens up overhaulful shipway of looking at short forms substructureardized adverts and music video.The Untouchables was set in the year 1930, and America pays sinister price for its experiment with Prohibition. Illegal, so far salaried busines s of bootleg made Al Capone (played by Robert de Niro) the unquestioned leader of the clams underworld and or so powerful part in the city. However, patronage his public businessman personality, Capone livelihoods his supremacy by brutal abandon, not caring just virtually the lives of liberal throng. later on a small girl died in one of such incidents. The Federal regime decided to contraceptive diaphragm the violence by creating a special task index.The force was led by Eliot mantle (played by Kevin Costner). His de scarcely tear on Capones store ends up as an embarrassing fiasco, and mantle now knows that he cant rely on notoriously cosset local police force. The high-minded exception among bread cops is old Malone (played by Sean Connery), who lost his charge be mystify of his honesty. ness gets the radical to create a new social unit of few, yet unfastened and reliable lawmen that would involvement Capones all-powerful organisation. He and Malone re cruited two more men treasury accountant Oscar Wallace (played byCharles Martin Smith) and Chicago sonny boy policeman George colliery (Andy Garcia) and they started hitting Capones operations hard, earning the nickname The Untouchables by the press that were future(a) them as they started stifling Capone. The extract in which I am examining for the build up of uncertainty is the destiny of the film where Eliot Ness and his furnish are waiting at the train beam for The Book exerter. Eliot Ness and his ally (both being police officers) aim at Grand underlying Station at basketball team legal proceeding to midnight to intercept the dismissal of The Bookkeeper who is due to conk on the five past xii train to Miami.As the police officers turn over up their ambush positions the theme of the perplexity successiveness begins. By this I mean that with them pickings up their positions it in a way makes the viewer think, hey, whats sacking to happen here? As the office rs restrain up their positions the sound of footsteps is amplified (made louder and more noticeable) than that of the regular sounds in spite of appearance a train broadcast. in that respect is also the sound of a heavy(p) group of people speaking and having a general chitchat. The camera movement surrounded by these separate events is back up yet time in a way to keep the viewers mind-set in motion.There are a number of low angle shots, which cause the research workers to look unprotected as if they are in danger. As a produce and her fuck up set down the shot, wanting to go up the steps with a defective bearing and udder. The stimulate is struggle to move all on her own. Elliot Ness seems the draw struggling, and knows that if she doesnt get out of thither concisely she is danger of being shot. Once the fetch and gratify reach a cradlesong starts playing in the background, as if to hyperbolize the innocence of the youngster and its have. All of the c amera shots of the generate and tike are from a birds eye perspective.As the m another(prenominal) starts to turn back the posture and suitcase up the steps, the plunder starts crying. As the set about tries to stop the baby crying the camera jumps in a rapid motion mingled with the baby, Elliot Ness and the clock. The clock is video display the time of about two minutes to twelve. You see the mother and baby from Elliots point of view (from his line of sight), which shows the mother and baby not altogether to be innocent but actually(prenominal) vulnerable to the violence that is very presumable to happen within the next three to four minutes.At this point there is a capacious amount of suspense that has been built up with the camera unceasingly flickering amidst a at sea baby, a struggling mother, a detective poised to admit people and a clock showing how very lower-ranking time there is until the mobsters arrive with The Bookkeeper. At this point Elliot, as a indispensable reaction to athletic supporter the mother, leaves his ambush position and runs down the stairs to help the mother take the baby up the stairs. As he runs towards her he hides his submarine sandwich so not to alarm her that something execrable is about to happen.As he goes to help the viewer feels a small sense of relief that the mother and baby are going to fine and unharmed yet there is mute the possibility that the gangsters are about to arrive at every minute. As Elliot starts portion the mother orchestral yet melospectacular music begins along with the sound of a train. When Elliot is about half(a) way up the stairs the dramatic music becomes louder as he stops. As a man enters the station and stands at the door, there is a high angle shot on Elliot, camera focuses on Elliot and the baby and accordingly the people entrance the station.Then a man with a strap on his nose enters the station and stands there smiling. At this point very dramatic music starts playing and the lullaby stops the camera zooms in for an ingrained close up of the gangsters eyes and Elliots face. Elliot draws his hero sandwich and shoots this man, as Elliot shoots him he lets go of the baby carriage and the baby and cart start move down the stairs. There is then hemorrhoid of shooting and hoagieshots stand out over all other sounds.The picture starts moving in delay motion, you can go out the prams wheels creaking as the pram starts falling down the stairs which is the shot twice. You then see the mother screaming but cant hear her. Elliot and his furnish shoot and assassinate all the gangsters and keep the Bookkeeper existent. Elliots match then runs across and throws up a gun to Elliot, as Elliots shotgun was empty, as his partner dives and saves the babys pram Elliot shoots the last gangster. It is still unmapped whether the baby is alive or not.As Elliots partner saves the pram and chaos is restored to normalcy the lullaby starts once again indicating that the baby is ok and then you see a camera shot of the baby. The sequence between the gangster entering and Elliots partner saving the babies pram is the climax of the suspense that has been built up by all of the cameras jumping. During this sequence of scenes there has been alot of MTV Style editing that has taken place. This is because of all the jump cuts that have been used between each picture. A study of how suspense is used in an extract from the film The untouchables

Analyze an evaluate the impact of volunteer tourism on host Essay - 1

Analyze an evaluate the impact of volunteer tourism on host communities 2 - Essay ExampleAs identified by Sin (2010), we live in a world of heightened responsibilities. At least in the developed world, mint are being bombarded from almost all directions that they need to show have to exhibit great environmental friendliness, moral responsibility, ethical consumerism, eco-friendliness and concern for less allow members of the society. Corporate social responsibility, ethical marketing, social marketing, charities, cause related campaigns are a manifestation of the kindred. Volunteer tourism also falls under the resembling umbrella (Tourism Research and Marketing, 2008, p. 43). Researchers and experts have welcomed this idea with great deal of optimism and energy since it appears that such approach towards tourism can emerge as a a great deal needed catalyst for social change. It can build bridges, foster intercultural relations, generate employment, help less privileged in the un derdeveloped countries and set them towards the path of sustainability sequence providing satisfaction to the volunteers. Most of the projects undertaken by the volunteer holidaymakers fall under the umbrella of building, community welfare, teaching, environmental regeneration, business, cultural development, environmental protection, healthcare, journalism, research and others. Countries that most hosted volunteer tourists accommodate Kenya, India, Italy, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Ghana, Honduras and China. This paper, however, is an attempt to review and analyse the concept of volunteer tourism in a critical light. Discussion Tourism is a lucrative attention since it has the potential to contribute to the national output of the host country, generate employment and open doors of foreign exchange. One of the most significant advantages of volunteer tourism is that it directs this tourism money and its economic impact to more deserving and underdeveloped destinations that would not have received the same from other forms of mainstream tourism. Wearing (2001) acknowledges the fact that in the caseful of volunteer tourism, the host communities are on the receiving end, the volunteers also receive a significant degree of intercultural experience, personal satisfaction, self fulfilment and inner peace. Quite understandably, a volunteer tourist who is working alongside local communities is likely to have much more meaningful interactions with the local community as compared to a tourist who is residing in five star hotels and visiting only elite locations (p. 58). Such interactions are not only helpful in promoting intercultural relations, but at the same time, they also allow people from developed countries to understand the problems of people from developing countries and empathise with them. Guttentag (2009), in light of the overwhelming evidence, acknowledges the fact that over the past compeer of decades, volunteer tourism has emerged as a pr omising mass niche market within the tourism industry, which has been hailed widely to benefit the host communities as soundly as the tourists. However, the author highlights the fact that widespread enthusiasm and optimism regarding volunteer tourism has translated into an uncritical approach towards volunteer tourism,

Principles of Health and Social Care Practice Essay - 1

Principles of Health and complaisant Care Practice - Essay ExampleSocial and health fear professionals working within the home also need to catch that they have a sense of duty to the vulnerable people that they serve. Service users can be vulnerable because of their cultural, religious, social, economic, and state of their physical health (British Association of Social Workers 2012). The vulnerable population in need of health and social services within the veneration home must have their human rights protected by bang givers. In some cases, a prescribed mode of treatment for a vulnerable care service user might expose him or her to harm or possible abuse of their human rights. Social and healthcare professionals at the home need to understand all the implications of the any kind of care that they devise for each and every individual at the home. Practitioners need to check on the merits and merits of certain care procedures before adopting them for different people that need ca re services at the home. This process ensures that people that are being taken care of are not subjected to any form of abuse by care givers. A case in point can be that of a care service user that has a terminal illness like cancer. crabby person treatment involves using chemotherapy. Chemotherapy has its adverse impacts on the health a persons especially the repeated chemotherapy can accelerate the side effects of the care service. As a healthcare or social service provider at the care home, one needs to use a consultative approach to making a decision on whether certain medical procedures can be good.

Engagement Strategy Presentation and Outline Research Paper

Engagement Strategy Presentation and Outline - Research Paper ExampleEmployees are highly affected by the changes that take place within an organization including all kinds of mergers, acquisitions or takeover, management changes etc. the negative effects of these make the employees less booked as well as de motivated and as a result, the employees become less dedicated and less satisfied and this is reflected in their work and performance. Therefore, it is extremely essential for organizations to keep their staff motivated because a de motivated staff will affect the employees performance as well as the performance of the entire organization. In order to increase staff morale and make them for satisfied, the human resource department should adopt strategies to boost staff morale and as a result, modify their performance.Employee engagement is usually low when a firm merges with another firm and there is some kind of a change in the management positions or styles. Similarly, the m erge of the consulting firm with a software development agency results in low morale, low performance as well as high unrest. Employees should be given clear instructions and should be informed about the companys mission for the future. As senior human resource leaders, it is our responsibility to install measures through which staff morale and performance could be restored. It is also extremely important to introduce equal policies and practices for both the new as well as old employees to deter future conflicts. Therefore, we propose the following engagement plans and strategies to help build the morale of old as well as new employees.The bonus theory of motivation includes that incentives should be given to the employees including both monetary and non-monetary rewards. These compensation strategies are in compliance with the expectancy theory which states that for a specific depute given to the employees, they will exercise a certain amount of effort with the perceived level o f compensation they will receive. If employees expect a greater

Are there differences in the types of dreams that occur at different Essay

Are there differences in the types of dreams that occur at different times & Describe how sleep changes during the course of wiz night - Essay ExamplePolysomnography reveals a 50% drop in activity between alertness and phase 1 sleep. The eyes are eject during phase 1 sleep, but if woken up from it, then an individual might feel as if they have not slept yet. Stage 1 might buy the farm between 5 to 10 minutes (Harris 23).Stage 2 is a time of light sleep where polysomnographic readings portray irregular peaks and valleys, or negative and ordained waves (Harris 24). These waves show spontaneous phases of muscle tone joined with phases of muscle relaxation. Muscle tone of this type can be witnessed in other phases of sleep as a response to audio stimuli (Jung 53). The heart blockheaded slows, plus body temperature goes up. At this stage, the body gets ready to go into a deep sleep.These stages are deep sleep phases, with Stage 3 being less intense compared to Stage 4. These stages a re referred to as delta or slow-wave sleep (Harris 24). In slow-wave sleep, particularly during Phase 4, the electromyogram records sluggish waves of high amplitude, showing a pattern of rhythmic continuity and deep sleep (Harris 24 and Jung 54).The time of non-REM sleep, abbreviated as NREM, comprises of phases 1 to 4 and lasts between 90 minutes to two hours, each phases lasting roughly five to 15 minutes (Harris 25). However, surprisingly enough, phase 2 and phase 3 reiterate backwards prior to attaining REM sleep. Thus, a pattern sleep sequence has this pattern waking, stage 1 to 4, and then back to 2 via 3, REM. In essence, REM sleep takes place just 90 minutes following sleep onset (Harris 25).REM sleep is discernible from NREM sleep by dint of transformations in physiological states, including its distinguishing fast eye movements (Harris 25). Nevertheless, polysomnograms reveal wave patterns in REM similar as the ones in phase 1 sleep (Jung 57). During normal sleep (in ind ividuals missing disorders of wake-sleep patterns or REM behaviour disorder), respiration and heart rate accelerate and become irregular, whereas the legs,

Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change - Essay ExampleBy the records, prior to the advent of the industrial revolution, the levels of carbon dioxide were way lower than they ar today (NASA, 2013). By the end of 2010, the levels of carbon dioxide stood at 389 parts per million as compared to 280 parts per million before the industrial revolution (Doyle, 2013). Records dating to as early as 1500 designate that there has been a steady increase in temperatures as Metz notes (Metz, 2010). Research carried out by UK and U.S based environmental inquiry and scientific institutions show that since the late 1900s, global average temperature has increased by 0.8 degrees (Hayward, 2014). This rate of increase might appear trifling but according to scientists, it is ane of the strongest indicators of the rapid climatical changes happening on earth (Balonnof, 2013). In addition, scientists advise that if climatic change is not urgently addressed, by 2050, the rates of temperature increase should be expected to be bet ween 2.6 and 4.5 degrees (VOA, 2014). Another imperative statistic from scientists is the verity that there is an over 40% increase in the rates of carbon dioxide and alarmingly, half of this has occurred afterwards the 1970s (Braasch, 2013). 98% of scientists collectively agree that 98% of the climatic change (with much emphasis on global warming) is caused by human activities (Gleb, 2013). To what extent is the climatic change man-made?Some people have argued that climatic change should not be ascribed to human activities.

Topic 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Topic 3 - Essay ExampleConsumer demeanor is what the whole marketing hypothesis and concepts atomic number 18 based on. By studying consumer behavior, marketers hope to find the reason why the consumer wants to buy a certain growth. It aims to help and identify how people contain their buying decisions and also the factors that influence those decisions. on that point are usually two kinds of buyers, organizational buyers and consumers. We are only concerned with the consumers who are the ones who buy services and products for consumption by themselves. They buy things that serve their need for living and the basic requirements of life. They also buy products to make the world know about their personalities and reveal their attitudes and their roles in the society. In other words they not only cater to the physiological needs but also the psychological aspect as well.Individuality is a mark that a man develops due to the nature and the surrounding environment he spends that l ife in. the behavior of a person towards buying a certain product will therefore be different for everybody. They might have different tastes, likes and dislikes, attitudes and values and their decision making process will differ according to that. The threesome major things that influence the consumers social environment are individual circumstances, personal psychology and the social environment. All these above mentioned factors have a lasting equal on the individuals buying behavior. FactorsSocial environment in which an individual lives his or her life helps greatly in shaping the life of people and their preferences. The culture that they are prevailing in, the reference groups to which they belong and cater too and the social class they exist in or the one in which they want to exist in. There so-and-so be an informational influence over them for example when they are told about the authenticity of a certain products working. A customer can also be influenced by the type o f reference groups that he or she relates too. A marketer needs to identify the needs and influences of the reference groups of his target market in company to understand their consumer behavior and plan out their offer in such a way that coincides with the needs and wants of the customer and caters to his or her influence. A customer can be influenced by the family of orientation which is the basic family or the parental family that a customer has a daughter might end up using the same laundry detergent her mother uses. Another kind of reference group is the family of procreation that is more of the extended family a customers buying decision might be influenced with the mansion of his or her in-laws and he or she might to carry out different tasks and buy certain kinds of products in the presence of their extended family. Secondary groups are the slight formal groups which the customer doesnt end up meeting everyday and therefore they dont pose a lot of influence over the buyi ng decision behavior of the customer.Individual characteristics tend to stem from demographics characteristics. The gender of the person, the age group with which he or she is belonging to, the stage of the lifecycle the customer is catering to and the customers

Recombinant DNA tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech Assignment

Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech - Assignment ExampleQuestion Two For a plasmid to act as an effective re-create sender that can transfer the comp unrivalednt of interest into the target cells, it must exhibit the ability to replicate upon entry into the target cells. Moreover, it must have several cloning sites that allow the insertion of the gene of interest. The plasmid must have a defined origin of replication and effective promoters that ensure successful case of the distant gene. Question Three Polymerase chain reaction is one of the ways in which the 1kb gene may be quantified. This process yields many copies of the gene of interest, making another(prenominal) analytical processes possible. The modern Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) exhibits a high level of automation, and yields multiple copies of the gene. The second way of yielding great amounts would involve insertion of the gene into bacteria. After replication of t he plasmid in the bacteria, the gene of interest multiplies. Question Four In order to identify the genes in the human liver whose expression occurs only when under pressure, a cDNA library would be the most effective. This library would focus on the fragments that undergo transcription and expression. Construction of such a library would require the sequencing of the genes of interest and inserting them into a plasmid vector. The library would also have reverse transcribed messenger RNAs for the genes, and this would involve the use of reverse transcriptase to yield DNA complementary to the messenger RNA. Question Five Type II Restriction Endonucleases do not degrade bacterial chromosomal DNA because they exhibit circumstantiality for foreign DNA. It would be irrational for these endonucleases to cleave the host DNA. Therefore, they limit their activity to breaking down foreign DNA into fragments but preserving host DNA. such specificity has enabled geneticists to develop DNA fra gmentation techniques using restriction enzymes found in bacteria. Question 6 A double stranded circular DNA with cardinal recognition sites for the HindIII, would be fragmented into four fragments after digestion. The restriction would cleave the circular DNA at the four recognition sites yielding four nonparasitic fragments, contrary to the five that would result after linearization of the DNA. The difference would emerge because of the evident practical observation made by geneticists who have highlighted that circular DNA yields one less fragment after digestion with restriction enzyme, compared to linear DNA with the same restriction sites. Question 7 In order to screen a cDNA library, the high-density screening method would prove to be highly effective. This method requires the use of high concentrations plating. The choice of this screening situationor would be motivated by the fact that it presents a platform for the geneticist to analyze the different fragments through t he visualization on a single plate. The technique also proves effective when the gene under piece of work codes for a specific protein. Part 2 Question 1 In order to separate cells obtained from tissues of normal mice compared to those obtained from mice engineered with highly active muscle cells, a specific method of analysis is required. The first step would involve isolation of cells from both tissues. After isolation of those cells, effective culture would follow to prepare the cells for effective analysis. It would be necessary to isolate the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA from both types of cells. Muscle cells have

Research Strategy-Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects Paper

Strategy-Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects - Research Paper ExampleThe subjective and duodecimal methodology of the inquiry is essentially useful for the specialist to get assorted and multi-directional data on account of the Libyan Red crescent(prenominal). As per the examination proposition, semi-structured interviews, and contextual analysis methodologies have been chosen as the systems for directing subjective exploration. In connection to the quantitative measurement, a poll methodology has been chosen. Research tools such as questionnaires are powerful for leading quantitative surveys. It is efficient in both time and cost. Using semi-organized interviews may assist the analyst to delve into the perspectives of the representatives of the Zintan branch, Red Crescent Libya. Aside from the over two strategies contextual investigation system gives the functional situation to the examination process. This strategy helps the analyst to obtain the constant photo of an examination issue. This technique gives adequate data to the analysts. A pre-set of the study design must be discussed in depth having in mind the expected end aftermath to acquire an organized examination derivation. With the assistance of diverse examination methodologies examined above scientist can gather the imperative information which is totally fundamental for the finish of this exploration. examen is additionally an essential part of the exploration strategy. An exploration is comparable to its systems are. It is critical to choose the systems in a suitable way. In this exploration paper, the specialist has picked both subjective and quantitative strategies. As per the exploration targets, top to bottom examination of the examination wonder is altogether critical.

Production of an Industrial Blood Research Paper

Production of an Industrial Blood - Research Paper ExampleIndustrial Production Since there is periodic stock certificate shortage, there is need to industrially produce blood to counter the shortage, as well as the emerging concerns that arise from infection transmission that are attributed to blood transfusions. The infection through blood transmission was sporadic in the late 80s and early 90s, therefore bringing up the need to industrially produce blood (Goldman et al 15). S. Kimoto of the School of medicament in Tokyo University initially enhanced progress towards industrial production of blood. The discovery made by Dr. Kimoto together with assistance from S Kambara was successful in the production of a synthetic substance capable of transporting reasonable amount of oxygen. Dr. Kimoto was able to extract haematin from a cows blood and ultimately adding the coarse molecules of the polysterin type that would be capable of obtaining matter that would in turn release oxygen to t he body (Assembly of the Japanese Medical Society, 213). Moreover, by 2006, there was hemoglobin analogue that had received approval for human use in the United States (Newton, 66). Newton continues to assert that a veterinary product called oxyglobin that is essentially produced by Biopure, a pharmaceutic company, received approval in the United States and the Europe. In 2001, its human counterpart known as Hemopure was ready for human use in South Africa. Therefore, this was the origin hemoglobin analog to attain approval for human use in the world. It is imperative to ascertain that South Africa O.K. the product because the country needed resource transfusions since its supply of human blood was at high risk of being damaged by the HIV and hepatitis C viruses (Newton). Compassionately, according to Newton, Hemopure has also been widely utilise in the United States in almost forty cases. Compassionate-use is a situation that occurs when a patient has developed serious medical condition that requires special attention, thereof instigating the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant a special, normally one-time permission to utilize a substance that has not yet been officially approved for human use. Similarly, in august 2001, another industrially produced blood called PolyHeme was subjected for approval to the FDA by Northfield Labs, its manufacturer. PolyHeme is the end product of the extraction of Red blood cells and filtering them to sieve impurities, thereafter modifying them through certain chemicals to produce the polymerized hemoglobin analog (Newton 66). Some researchers are on the verge of applying a very different approach in industrial production of blood that will have its focus on synthesizing non-natural substances with blood-like properties. One advantage that this approach can boast of is avoiding animal or human blood, or any of its components. Specifically, some researchers are applying the use of certain chemicals cal led perfluorocarbons (PFCs). In this regard, fluorine atoms replace hydrocarbons. Significant achievements were obtained when the first PFC to be commercially marketed was called Fluosol-DA that was manufactured by Japans Green Cross Corporation in 1983 (Newton, 66). Fluosol product had the objective of creating the first industrially prod

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial management - Assignment ExampleDays pay subject out is too high up beyond the work days allowed for 90days. The company should aim to reduce the number of days either by increasing the payables or number of purchases. The manager should be able to enjoy where the cash is tied up. PART B Question three a) Price earnings ratio This is a ratio that is used to determine the value of a share or stock taking into consideration the earnings of a share of the company. By analyzing different price earnings ratios of companies, an investor can be able to determine where to purchase shares. A P/E ratio of 21.1 of Spikiri Company depicts that high returns can be expected. This is followed by Papi and Akanani Companies with 14.2 and 13.0 respectively. It is wise to purchase shares from Spikiri Company. The P/E ratio is also used to depict the amount of money investors are willing to pay for each dollar earned in a company. b) Dividend compensate prices dividend paid P/E current high low dividend yield current high low Akanani 291 317 187 0.021 6.111 6.657 3.927 13 spikiri 187 201 151 0.023 4.301 4.623 3.473 21.1 Earnings per share current high low 22.38462 24.38462 14.38462 8.862559 9.526066 7.156398 dividend cover = earnings per share/ dividend paid per share current high low Akanani 3.663004 3.663004 3.663004 spikiri 2.060581 2.060581 2.060581 Dividend cover shows the ability of a company to pay dividends to popular shareholders from the lettuce that digest earned. An investor is able to determine how much dividends are paid out of profits before making any investments in the company. Akanani pays more dividends from its profits as compared to Spikiri. Question three i. Cost of debt of bond A Kd = interest rate *(1-tax) = 9% (note taxes are ignored) ii. Different bonds in the same may have different costs of capital. This is explained towards the time period required to clear the payment. A bond with longer duration to payment will have a light cost of c apital. The yield to maturity also affects the cost of debt. Bonds have different yields to maturity which in turn determine the bonds interest pass judgment to be paid. The coupon rate may differ with each bond hence the cost of each debt. C i. Cost of equity 4+ (11-4)1.2= 10% ii. Ex-dividend share price = old share price/ (1+ dividend) = 1/(1+0.2) = 0.83 iii. Capital gearing (debt dividend by debt plus equity) = 30/90 = 0.33 iv. Market value dull average cost of capital Cost of debt 9% + 7.82%= 16.82% WACC = kd * weight of debt + ke * weight of equity = 16.82 *30/90 + 10*60/90 = 12.27% d. change in dividend policy Dividend policy is explained as the long term decision that will show how cashflows will be deployed from the company

The Historyof the Calendar Then and Now Research Paper

The Historyof the Calendar Then and Now - Research Paper ExampleNevertheless, bill reports that the Romans were the first to use the schedule. The Romans painted the calendar on their house walls (Timeline Ancient Rome). Roman calendars were commonly called the fasti, which means a list of court sittings. The name calendar was from the word, calendarium, which originally meant a list of debts owed. The term relates to the word kalendae or calendae, which referred to the first day of the month when loans were issued and interest payments were due. During the reign of Romulus, the Roman calendar consisted of ten months, and the derive of days varied from twenty to thirty-five days. There was quite a mess in the use of the original Roman calendar (Timeline Ancient Rome) in that they had no knowledge of the motions of the moon on and the sun, and they knew that there were 360 days in a year. As such, they observed the so-called intercalary month to fill in the cranny between the sea sons. Moreover, according to Rupke (31) and the web site, Timeline Ancient Rome, Numa was the first one to calculate the eleven-day difference between the lunar and the solar years, and he was the first to note that the moon completed its cycle in 365 days. In addition, Numa was the one who added the two months, namely, January and February, and altered the order of the months, making March the third month instead of the first and January as the first instead of the el typeh month. Later on, the Julian calendar, which was designed by Julius Caesar, replaced the Roman calendar. All the months in the Julian system had either 30 or 31 days, except for February or Februalia, which had either 29 or 30 days depending on the leap year. July was named after Julius Caesar himself, and fantastic took from the Octavian ruler, Augustus. The latter made August consist of 31 days, then taking one day from the month of February (Who Invented the Calendar We Have Today?). The Julian Calendar was use until 1582, when the Gregorian calendar replaced it. The Gregorian calendar that was designed according to Chrisian tradition is what is commonly used now in the West. This calendar was named after Pope Gregory XIII who approved it during his reign, whereas the calendar was originally designed by Aloysius Lilius. Lilius was an Italian astronomer, physician and chronologist from Ziro in Calabrio, Italy (Who Invented the Calendar We Have Today)? He was fascinated by timekeeping and noted some problems with the Julian calendar, thus made his own version of it, and submitted for the approval of the pope. The Gregorian calendar corrects the mistakes of the Julian Calendar by adopting the four-year leap cycle. In the modern world, the calendar serves as an all-important(prenominal) material for keeping records or documentation in all fields such as education, business, government, and practically all human transactions. Almost every event requires the use of the calendar to calculate the length of time needed in every endeavor. In the school, calendars serve various functions. In the field of education, calendars are used as an important tool for holding important reminders as for

Cite and Correct Using Risk Assessment Assignment - 2

Cite and Correct Using Risk Assessment - duty assignment Examplezards as they can hit employees and injure them badly, that is in case they are opened while an employee is walking towards the point where the gate or gateway is swinging moving.The dust, gas, vapor and fumes produced are hazardous as they may damage parts of the body exposed to the substances. This may military campaign burns. Additionally, the chemicals may flaming some organs, for example the lungs or liver, when the body absorbs some chemicals.An employee may touch bare wire, equipment that ungrounded properly or wet surfaces, which may lead to the employee existence shocked. This may cause burns especially when the clothes are get fire. This may even lead to death.Some machinery reduces the levels of oxygen and this is hazardous to anyone in around as it may lead to suffocation. Employees deprived of oxygen for long periods may lead to brain damage and in intense scenarios, death.For the walking work surface , any someone entering the company is at risk. This is because any one can fall and get hurt since everyone is using the same polished floors. Additionally, doors swinging while being opened may hit anyone.Every single individual in the company is at risk of exposure. This is because the chemical produced, dust, gas, vapor and fumes, not excluding the noise, radiation and extreme temperatures, will not spare anyone. However, those people who spend more time in the company are more at risk than the visitors due to long-run periods of exposure are.Everyone in the company is at risk in case the oxygen levels are low. This is because everyone needs oxygen and nobody will be spared. This in like manner includes hazardous chemicals increasing to levels beyond the Permissible Exposure Limits.Impacts = the risk is only localized to the polished floors and the risk only increases when the floor is wet. Slipping may cause injuries but the probabilities of the injuries being serious are qu ite low.Impacts = the risk is only localized to a specific door being opened while an individual

Write an essay on Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in which you

Write an on Henrik Ibsen&aposs A Doll&aposs House in which you any support or oppose Nora Helmer&aposs close at the conclusion of the play to leave her family - Essay ExampleShe is heroic and not selfish as most critics conclude.Critics of Nora Helmers closing to leave her family at the end of the play point out that she was too impulsive. An example in the play is Mrs. Linde who decides that she ought to take complaint of the man she loves for her to be contented with herself (Ibsen & Henrietta 6). Her character is a complete opposite of Noras character in terms of attitudes and emotions. The character of Mrs. Linde clearly shows that Noras decision to leave her family was not the only decision available to women in her situation. Other critics who have read the book like the Swedish playwright August Strindberg blow Noras decision to leave her family as unacceptable (Billington 1). This is because the marriage covenant was considered holy. He condemns Noras behavior and deems her as irresponsible and selfish since she decides to leave her children because they do not have to pay for the mistakes of their father. The times depicted in the play do not support Noras behavior since no true woman would ever make such a choice at that time in history.Nora Helmer is not only a victim of male domination, but alike a master of the domestic world. She is dedicated enough to take care of her sick husband, courageous enough to forge her fathers signature and reassured enough to pay back all her debts no matter how tough the situation gets (Unwin & Ibsen 10).Nora Helmer cannot be blamed for her desire of the wonderful thing the ideal northward where both husband and wife regard each other as rational individuals aware of the society they live in and they can also foregather their individual duties. Her ideation of what marriage ought to be bringings her to the awareness of the flaws in her own marriage. This awareness is what finally drives her to leave her husb and as her husbands firm decision not to compromise his integrity for the sake of love ignites her decision and she leaves, slamming the door. This is

Earnest Hemingway's "The Indian camp" Essay

Earnest Hemingway&aposs The Indian camp - Essay Exampledent becomes his assistant in the operation. Not long after, the expectant womans husband is discovered dead having slit his throat during the operation. The Indian Camp degree reveals the upcoming of Hemingways habit of counterpoint and the understated style. He addresses several thematic concerns that affected the people at the time. These are the theme of racism, sexism, masculinity and flavour and death. The Indian Camp cadaver an important story in the canon of Hemingway to date.Being an initiation camp, the Indian Camp is used in the story to explain the theme life and death. Dr Adams, incisions father, exposes his son at a young age to childbirth. In the process, he unintentionally exposes the boy to violent death. Having witnessed the birth and death at the very(prenominal) time, Nick equates birth to death (Dudley 17). Although Nick may not have wanted to watch his father perform the caesarean, his father insists t hat he should do. Symbolically, he wants to impart his son tough and prepare him for initiation into the adult world that was not always smooth.The theme of life and death is a symbolic depiction of the conditions of the essential American camp. There are struggles for life in the camp in which death romped life from people. The coming to birth of a child signifies the continuity of life in the camp (Dudley 18). However, life is lost at the same time when the childs father kills himself by slitting his throat with a sharp blade during the operation. In his story, Hemingway explains the grand state of a struggle for life and at the same time the irony in a persons depriving his life. It is ironical that an effort is made to make the impair live signifying the value attached to life at the camp while at the same time the father takes his life. Fear of death is implicated in Nicks fear for the death when thoughts of death in the forest a night before the operation overwhelm him.The themes of racism and sexism in the story are depicted in the

Life Meaning Essay Example for Free

Life Meaning Es distinguishThe definition of manner is very difficult. Although dictionaries and encyclopedias theorise in general is the intermediate state between birth and final stage, I think it goes far beyond, is something deeper and we all want to know. By asking this question we approach is as if we ourselves, as research is about something Ive always lived, after much thought and analysis that is life, in my point of view I think is that although numerous sieve to define life as commonly defined a nonher(prenominal) terms, in my position, life is non a thing, but rather as a process. To truly know that life is all we stooge do is live and this is the only way and how life is lived? Maybe its the question we should ask ourselves, what can say to that is this being alive, flowing, running with her, walking with her. Life is now, is now, life is what is happening to us, life is not something or someone or somewhere that we bedevil to look, life is a gift that we a lready have. lama you can feel in your breathing, your blood circulation in the beating of your heart.What you are now, thats your life what happened to you, what is to befall and what not, thats your life. While humans try to find different meanings to what life is and try to give the concept deeper, scientific, philosophical or theological response will never be enough to secernate the life, and while people look the concept of life are missing what it is, they have forgotten the real and have been replaced by concepts and explanations that my term, to take advantage of anything.We inspect what is actually already here, we rationalizations. Nobody can give you the meaning of your life. Its your life and you have to give it meaning only you. No one but you can find it. Its your life and only accessible to you. Only by surviving the mystery will be revealed. Life is not looking at other people or writings or intelligent explanations, these are only justifications that ultimately explain nothing. Life is already bubbling within. Only if you want her there. The tabernacle is on the outside, you are his sanctuary.So the first thing we must remember to define ourselves is life is never look outside or try to secernate person. And the second thing to remember is that when you finally discover in yourself that is life, you will find that is death. At the beginning I mentioned that life is a process, well, death is composition of that process. Humans usually think that death is the enemy of life, which is the grand finale, which is the enemy to be feared but in reality it is not, death is not the enemy, and if you consider death as the enemy that just shows you have not been able to know what life is.Although it seems absurd, death and life have many things in common, both have the same energy is a phenomenon like day and night, as c grey-headed and heat, and summer and winter, life and death are rivals, not polar opposites, are not separated and are not contr ary, quite the contrary, they are complementary. Death is not the end of life is actually a culmination of a life, the summit of life, the climax, the outstanding final stage. And once you know your life and your process, then you understand what death is.Death is a part harmony, intact of life and is very friendly with her. Without it life can not exist. Death is a renewal process. And death happens every arcsecond. The instant you inspire and exhale the moment, life and death are passing, both are given. By inspiring, life goes upon expiry death comes. So when a child is born the first thing he does is breathe life begins there, however when the old man dies the last thing you do is breathe, there is life. The exhale is death, life is inspiring. They are like the two wheels of a cart.Lives that inspire and breathe out, is part of the inhale exhale, you can not breathe if you stop inhaling, the exhaling is part of breathing. You can not breathe if you stop exhaling. You can not live if you stop dying. The man who has still what is your life, let death happen, welcomes you. Dies every minute and every moment to life. LIFE is a process, a process in which the past is dying every moment and born again and again into the future. If you look at what life is like you know what death is.If you understand what death is, only then will you be able to understand what life is. Life is a gift, a gift of God, and have certain scents that make it magical, like love, like friends or family, life is full of little moments that make your story and each of these moments is good live them with people you love and who love you, life without love is like a box that looks fine-looking on the outside but when you open it and find it completely empty with nothing of value, thats love, which gives value to your life.Maybe weve heard many times the phrase living dead for my concept that is the perfect definition, a life without love makes us dead in life. When we say live life, we mean that, to love, that gives meaning to life, to love somebody to love many or love everyone, to love God and to love nature.Life is real is what is in you is what queeres, there are things unreal, superficial exterior much(prenominal) as money, money is something that absorbs life unreal how many times we have not worried about getting money and is scientifically proven that concerns character disease and alters the body of people altering the normal functioning of this, while we worry about things more unreal wears more life and go to fitting a plant that interest only superficial things, fine work and make money, which is not right that this will become the center of your life and everything in you turn around money.If we look at the birds of the sky and see how they survive only with his life, feed and have the best clothes that anyone ever could have, with all those color in and how they sing every morning, the birds live their lives, not care about anything and are in ferior to us. We should take example from them. Finally we can say that life does not have to investigate it or try to define it or worry about understanding it, life must be lived and enjoyed.

Competitive Advantage by Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Competitive Advantage by Human Resource Management EssayIn todays climate of globose competition, the source of motivation variessome argon driven by money, some by a yearning to build relationships (Hollyforde et al, 2002). Yet, with the development of technology and global competition, new slipway of working -these changes have had significant implications for the majority of the full-time workforce within the industrialized world, there are some issues, such as leadership, teamwork, empowerment etc, which are vitally important and need to be managed carefully, each of these concepts merits deeper analysis as we enter the 21st Century. Therefore, it is important to explore how contemporary human resource heed (HRM) develops to highly skilled, loyalty employees and affect organisations performance, thus resulting in significant competitive advantages. This assignment will discuss and present some arguments regarding this statement from the following devil areas How contempor ary HRM affects organisations performance based on the cases of Xerox and Microsoft, and recommendations for organisations how to gain competitive advantages through implementation of good HRM for a better 21st Century.

Size Reduction and Screening Essay Example for Free

Size Reduction and Screening EssaySize reduction and display The purpose of this try out was to determine the affect of vibration rate and time on the size reduction and size separation of particles. The objective was successfully unblemished and the initial sample of basis was separated by vibration into finer particles with a large amount passing through the smallest diameter screen which was 0. 0278 inches producing a final product of fine soil particles which are now easier to transport and store.As can be seen from the graph below (figure 1) undersize particles verses screens, all iii different vibration settings (45%, 65%, 85%) produced homogeneous results for the exhibit process. At the beginning of the experiment (time zero) all of the soil sample was placed on the commencement exercise screen, number 5, and after repeated screening (vibrating) the sample was broken down in more uniform sizes leaving larger pieces of soil left on the screen while smaller sizes fel l through finally producing a fine powder left in the bottom pan.As can be seen from the graph below, after six minutes (the fourth bullet point on graph each bullet point represents two minutes of vibrating) the soil had mostly been sorted into its final sizes. This occurred for all three different vibration settings indicating that after a certain time period, six minutes for this ill-tempered experiment, the screening process is 90% complete and may be more cost effective to stop the process as only a small region is then sorted into smaller sizes.It can be seen though, that after a few minutes of screening, the original soil sample was sorted into a very much more manageable sample making storage and transportation much easier. With regards to retained soil over time, again all three percentage settings produced similar results. The pan weight increased over time as more soil was broken down and this was to be expected as this is the purpose of this particular procedure.Scre en 5 and 12, with the larger diameter holes contained the larger, shatterproof soil samples slowly decreased in soil being retained until only the large unbreakable matter was left. All the screens, screen number 14, 16, 20 and 25 kept a rough continuous weight indicating that a certain percentage could be broken down and pass through the screens while the rest had reached its optimum broken down size.The higher vibration setting, 65% and 85% had more constant weight and this was due to the sample being vibrated at a higher setting and being broken quicker and thus settling. To conclude, from this small scale experiment alone it can be seen that size reduction and screening is a very useful and effective procedure in reducing the size of a sample making transportation cheaper and easier and taking up less storage space and in a world of cutting costs, this procedure has become brisk to a number of different industries

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant AntibodiesIntroductionAntibody is a special molecule that present in our bodies to fight against infections and stimulate repellent response. Typical antibody is a Y shaped molecule consists of two H (heavy) and two (light) chains. Two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) be linked with a invariant region (Fc)(Brekke and Sandlie 2003). After the discovery of murine monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells developed by Kohlor and Milstein(Kohler and Milstein 1975), the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics and clinical diagnostics are increasingly important in the last three decades (Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). The term monoclonal antibody is defined as an antibody molecule which is monospecific and derived from a single B cell clone. Results in using fully murine monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics are not ideal and problems aroused in triggering unwanted human immune responses. These problems force the contemporarie s of recombinant antibodies in the replacement of traditional monoclonal antibodies. Tailor-made recombinant antibodies fragments increase flexibility both in immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. The application of minimal form of functional antibodies single-chain antibodies (scFvs) are the approximately popular form of recombinant antibodies fragments as diagnostic agents (Hagemeyer et al. 2009). In this assignment, the comparison between traditional monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies as therapeutics agents and diagnostics tools will be discussed. From the example of cataclysm TGN 1412, the potential risk of using recombinant antibodies in therapeutic agents should not be ignored. Finally, future perspective of recombinant antibodies in gene therapy and using polyclonal antibodies as novel immunotherapeutic strategy will be discussed.Theoretically, probably any kind of monoclonal antibodies can be produced with the aid of hybridoma technique. The continuous culture of hybridoma cells creates an inexhaustible supply of monoclonal antibodies in the laboratories by cell culture or rodent(Nelson, Reynolds et al. 2000). Its highly specificity, stability and homogeneity are ideal for diagnostics and in therapeutic purposes. After the admission of the first FDA approved drugs OKT3 launched into the market in 1986, the results of using fully murine monoclonal antibodies in human was not promising (Chatenoud, Baudrihaye et al. 1986 Chatenoud, Jonker et al. 1986). This is because murine originated monoclonal antibodies triggered several(prenominal) immunogenic responses in human body. One of the problems arise is human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) or anti-globulin antibodies (HAGA) response (DeNardo, Bradt et al. 2003 Presta 2006) generated against the administrated murine antibodies. Studies showed that around 30-75% of patients with solid tumors and relapsed B-cell malignancies developed HAMA response after exposure to murine antibodies (Smith, Nels on et al. 2004 Majidi, Barar et al. 2009). The activation of HAMA response is mainly due to the host antibodies generated against the idiotopes of the administered murine antibodies. Moreover, rapid clearance of murine Abs shortens its serum half-life and relatively ineffective to trigger cytotoxic effect (e.g. ADCC and CDC) compared to human antibodies hindered murine Abs as therapeutics agents (Presta 2006).Based on the above unresolved problems, with the aid of genetical engineering, murine monoclonal antibodies are modified to function less immunogenic and enhance potency in therapeutics and diagnostics. Three different types of recombinant antibodies are generated chimeric, humanized and human antibody. In chimerization, the murine variable region is fused with the human constant region forming chimeric antibodies(Presta 2006). This modification imitates the human immune system. Although chimeric antibodies is less immunogenic but may trigger human anti-chimeric antibody respo nses (HACA)(Baert, Noman et al. 2003). Further maturation technique is humanization (hyperchimeric). In this technique, only the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the murine antibody was grafted into a human constant and variable regions (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004). By resurfacing, reshaping and hyperchimerisation of hyperchimeric antibody, the antibody binding affinity improved. Although the above methods minimize immunogenicity, but immune response result of xenografting may occur. Finally, human antibodies can be generated by transgenic mice and in vitro combinatorial libraries (Brekke and Loset 2003 Brekke and Sandlie 2003 Presta 2006). Antibodies which generated under this method are expected to be monovular to human antibodies with clinical significant without any side effects. One of the examples in combinatorial library approach for the selection of antibodies is by phage display engineering science in which antibody variables domain are expressed as fusion protein as coated on the surface of the bacteriophages. Under combinatorial library approaches and transgenic mice, the chance of acquiring fully human antibodies are higher when compared to hybridoma and chimeric antibody technologies. In addition, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and Fab fragment can be isolated (Brekke and Loset 2003 Brekke and Sandlie 2003).Therapeutics applicationFc fragment in an intact antibody trigger effector function which is undesirable for therapeutic applications. Therefore, for a desirable antibodies inclination for cytokine inactivation or receptor blockage, the main considerations of antibody design are size, tissue penetration, distribution, half-life, effector function, affinity, stability and immunogenicity. scFv and Fab fragments are preferred as choice of preference when compared to traditional antibodies because of smallest in size, high binding affinity, specificity, great tissue penetration and reducing immunogenicity due to HAMA resp onse. scFv and Fab antibodies have a shorter half-life than whole antibodies and this drawback can be overcome by PEGylation. In addition, the auxiliary of PEGylation of murine monoclonal antibody reduces HAMA response of the host after administration(Laffly and Sodoyer 2005).Applications of monoclonal antibodies are vastly employed in therapeutic agents (e.g. treatment of cancer) and in clinical diagnostic (e.g. histopathological diagnosis). Humanized mAbs (transgenic mice) (resurfacing, reshaping and hyperchimerisation, etc)Phage display technology (Fabs and Fvs)In recent years MAbs have become very important commercial reagents, and currently contribute to over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in development and production. To date, 10 different MAbs have achieved FDA approval, withothers in phase III trials.4ApplicationsAntibody conjugates (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009)Unconjugated mAbs (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009)rAbs for cancer therapyimmunohistologygenetic immunotherapy(Pelegrin, Gros et al. 2004)scFv for diagnostics tools (size, immunosensor, inhibition of imnflammation and complement system) (Hagemeyer, von Zur Muhlen et al. 2009)Problemspolyclonal vs monoclonal therapeutics (Haurum 2006)TGN1412 calamity (Self and Thompson 2006)ReferencesBaert, F., M. Noman, et al. (2003). Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohns disease. N Engl J Med 348(7) 601-608.Brekke, O. H. and G. A. Loset (2003). New technologies in therapeutic antibody development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3(5) 544-550.Brekke, O. H. and I. Sandlie (2003). Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the permeate of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2(1) 52-62.Chatenoud, L., M. F. Baudrihaye, et al. (1986). Restriction of the human in vivo immune response against the mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3. J Immunol 137(3) 830-838.Chatenoud, L., M. Jonker, et al. (1986). The human immune response to the OKT3 monoclonal antibody is oligoclonal. Science 232(4756) 1406- 1408.DeNardo, G. L., B. M. Bradt, et al. (2003). Human antiglobulin response to foreign antibodies therapeutic benefit? Cancer Immunol Immunother 52(5) 309-316.Hagemeyer, C. E., C. von Zur Muhlen, et al. (2009). Single-chain antibodies as diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents. Thromb Haemost 101(6) 1012-1019.Haurum, J. S. (2006). Recombinant polyclonal antibodies the next generation of antibody therapeutics? Drug Discov Today 11(13-14) 655-660.Kohler, G. and C. Milstein (1975). endless cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256(5517) 495-497.Laffly, E. and R. Sodoyer (2005). Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after. Hum Antibodies 14(1-2) 33-55.Majidi, J., J. Barar, et al. (2009). Target therapy of cancer implementation of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies. Hum Antibodies 18(3) 81-100.Nelson, P. N., G. M. Reynolds, et al. (2000). Monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pathol 53(3) 111-117.Pelegrin, M., L. Gros, et al. (2004). Monoclonal a ntibody-based genetic immunotherapy. Curr Gene Ther 4(3) 347-356.Presta, L. G. (2006). Engineering of therapeutic antibodies to minimize immunogenicity and optimize function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(5-6) 640-656.Self, C. H. and S. Thompson (2006). How specific are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies? Lancet 367(9516) 1038-1039.Smith, K. A., P. N. Nelson, et al. (2004). Demystifiedrecombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 57(9) 912-917.