A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words

A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words By Mark Nichol Open, hyphenated, or shut? Use aides, word references, and style manuals may vary in their treatment of the accompanying words, so there’s not really one right answer aside from the motivations behind this activity: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. All terms in this rundown are treated as open mixes. Which ones ought to be left with no guarantees, and which ought to be hyphenated or shut, and in which uses? The right structures as indicated by Merriam-Webster are recorded at the base of the page. 1. Air borne 2. Against social 3. Various media 4. Excess 5. Pulse 6. Accounting 7. Bull’s eye 8. By law 9. Catch all 10. Check book 11. Youngster like 12. Clearing house 13. Court military 14. Group neck 15. Cross reference 16. Canine sled 17. Father land 18. Expansive 19. Direct 20. Free-form 21. Freeze dried 22. New water 23. Go between 24. Distant uncle 25. Relative 26. Secondary school 27. Higher ups 28. House hold 29. Bury organization 30. Watchword 31. Gem like 32. Land mass 33. Life size 34. Light year 35. Long haul 36. Lower case 37. Principle outline 38. Mass delivered 39. Mid week 40. Mother transport 41. Multi reason 42. Close to impact 43. North west 44. Seaward 45. On location 46. Over flexibly 47. Pine cone 48. Funnel line 49. Strategy producer 50. Post war 51. Previous 52. President elect 53. Star life 54. Pseudo scholarly 55. Semi reasonable 56. Constant 57. Record breaker 58. Waterway bed 59. Ocean coast 60. Discretion 61. Semi last 62. Shell like 63. Six pack 64. Snow soften 65. Socio financial aspects 66. Step mother 67. Stomach throb 68. Solid hold 69. Cost free 70. Two overlap 71. Submerged 72. VP 73. Untamed life 74. Around the world 75. All year Answers 1. Airborne 2. Solitary 3. Varying media 4. Build-up 5. Circulatory strain (in the word reference, so never hyphenate, aside from when joined with another descriptor, as in â€Å"high-pulse medication†) 6. Accounting 7. Bull’s-eye 8. Standing rule 9. Catchall 10. Checkbook 11. Untainted 12. Clearinghouse 13. Court-military 14. Group neck (in the word reference, so never hyphenate) 15. Cross-reference 16. Dogsled 17. Country 18. Sweeping 19. Firsthand 20. Free-form 21. Freeze-dried 22. Freshwater 23. Go-between 24. Incredible uncle 25. Stepbrother (in the word reference, so never hyphenate) 26. Secondary school (in the word reference, so never hyphenate) 27. Higher-ups 28. Family unit 29. Interagency 30. Catchphrase 31. Gem like (in light of the impact of two ls) 32. Landmass 33. Life-size 34. Light-year 35. Long haul (hyphenate just when the expression adjusts an after thing) 36. Lowercase 37. Centralized computer 38. Mass-created 39. Midweek 40. Mother transport (in the word reference, so never hyphenate) 41. Multipurpose 42. Close to crash (hyphenate just when the expression adjusts an after thing) 43. Northwest 44. Seaward 45. On location 46. Oversupply 47. Pinecone 48. Pipeline 49. Policymaker (not in the word reference, however other - producer developments, for example, winemaker, are shut; on the off chance that it looks wrong, leave it open) 50. After war 51. Prior 52. President-elect 53. Master life 54. Pseudo-scholarly (not in the word reference, bust pseudo-developments in which the subsequent word begins with a vowel, for example, pseudo-occasion, are hyphenated; those in which the subsequent word begins with a consonant, for example, pseudopod, are shut) 55. Quasirealistic (not in the word reference, however most semi developments, for example, quasiperiodic, are shut; it in the event that it looks wrong, hyphenate it) 56. Constant (hyphenate just when the expression adjusts an after thing) 57. Record breaker (not in the word reference, yet all different mixes with breaker, for example, â€Å"circuit breaker,† are open) 58. Riverbed 59. Seacoast 60. Poise 61. Elimination round 62. Shell-like (hyphenate simply because of the impact of the ls) 63. Six-pack 64. Snowmelt 65. Economics 66. Stepmother 67. Stomachache 68. Fortification 69. Cost free (hyphenate when the expression changes an after thing) 70. Twofold (however hyphenate with a number, as in 10-overlay) 71. Submerged 72. VP (consistently open, however different mixes containing bad habit, for example, bad habit official and emissary, are dealt with in an unexpected way) 73. Untamed life 74. Around the world 75. All year Scoring guide 0-25 right: Always find it. 26-50 right: Always find it. 51-75 right: Always find it. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Types of RhymeThe Six Spellings of Long E13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

Term Paper of Business Plan Essay Example

Research paper of Business Plan Essay This café field-tested strategy is for Bachelor’s Restaurant, another medium-sized eatery situated in an in vogue neighborhood of Bangladesh. Bachelor’s Restaunt accentuation will be on natural and inventive ethnic food. An accentuation on natural fixings depends on Bachelor’s Restaurant devotion to feasible turn of events. Also, the eatery acquires neighborhood nourishments whenever the situation allows, diminishing their reliance on petroleum derivatives utilized for transportation. Presentation: Health is riches. The information people of the considerable number of years times said this significant remark forever.Really its actual. A sound body can fabricate a solid human; a solid human can build up a common society. A decent considerate society can fabricate a solid country. So it is never under any circumstance can disparage the need of human wellbeing. What is inside the sound human body? On the off chance that we after death the causes, at that point we will understand that, a sound adjusted eating routine is the one of the primary explanation of keeping up the great wellbeing. Presently a day the world has gotten all the more increasingly proficient. In a large portion of the families who duels in the city region the spouse likewise wife are locked in with service.They get an almost no or immaterial time to prepare food in home. What's more, the interest of first food is expanding exceptionally. We will compose a custom article test on Term Paper of Business Plan explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Term Paper of Business Plan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Term Paper of Business Plan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As per the comparability we have chosen to set up a café named Bachelor’s Restaurant. It’s the organization where we are giving assurance of solid adjusted eating routine, sustenance food just as in modest rate. Stage One: Making the Commitment Bachelor café quick easygoing eatery, serving quick, new, solid flame broiled meats and vegetables. The main store will be situated in Dhaka.. The eatery will be situated at 16/2 Baily street in Dhaka.The originator and leader of bachelor’s café is Mr. asif hasnat Mission Bachelor’s Restaurant is an incredible spot to eat, consolidating a fascinating air with fantastic, intriguing food that is additionally excellent for the individuals who eat there. We need reasonable benefit for the proprietors, and a compensating work environment for the representatives. Destinations 1. Deals of $350K the main year, the greater part a million the second. 2. Staff costs under $300K the principal year, under $400K the subsequent year. 3. Productive in year two, superior to 7. 5% benefits on deals by year three.Step Two: Analyzing oneself Bachelor’s Restaurant is a solitary unit, medium-sized eatery. We center around natural and innovative food. The café will be situated in a Baily Road. Generally essential to us is our money related achievement, however we accept this will be accomplished by offering top notch administration and very perfect, non-oily food with intriguing turns. 2. 1 Company Ownership The café will begin as a straightforward sole ownership, claimed by its authors. 2. 2 Start-up Summary The authors of the organization are Mr. Asif hasnat. What's more, his buddy Mr. Motiour Rahman.Focuses on the money related issues and Motiour Rahman on the work force issues. Motiour Rahman earned her business significant college degree from the University of IBAIS. We have discovered the area and made sure about the rent for $2,000 every month. We will have the option to open for business so as to start turning around a benefit before the finish of month eleven and be gainful in the subsequent year. The spot is now prepared as a café so we intend to think of a sum of $40,000 in capital, in addition to a $100,000 SBL-ensured advance, to fire up the organization. Start Up Requirement: Start Up Funding: | |Start-up Expenses to Fund |$3,000 | |Start-up Assets to Fund |$138,000 | |Total Funding Required |$141,000 | |Assets | |Non-money Assets from Start-up |$50,000 | |Cash Requirements from Start-up |$88,000 | |Additional Cash Raised |$0 | |Cash Balance on Starting Date |$88,000 | |Total Assets |$138,000 | |Liabilities and Capital | |Liabilities | |Current Borrowing |$0 | |Long-term Liabilities |$100,000 | |Accounts Payable (Outstanding Bills) |$1,000 | |Other Current Liabilities (premium free) |$0 | |Total Liabilities |$101,000 | |Capital | |Planned Investment | |Investor 1 |$25,000 | |Investor 2 |$15,000 | |Additional Investment Requirement |$0 | |Total Planned Investment |$40,000 | |Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) |($3,000) | |Total Capital |$37,000 | |Total Capital and Liab ilities |$138,000 | |Total Funding |$141,000 | |Particulars |Amount ($) | |Start-up Expenses | |Legal |$1,000 | |Stationery and so forth $1,000 | |Other |$1,000 | |Total Start-up Expenses |$3,000 | |Start-up Assets | |Cash Required |$88,000 | |Other CurrentAssets |$50,000 | |Long-term Assets |$0 | |Total Assets |$138,000 | |Total Requirements |$141,000 | Step Three: Choosing an item or Services 3. 1 Services Bachelor’s Restaurant offers a stylish, fun spot to have extraordinary food in a social domain. Gourmet expert Rafiq Badsha has a huge notoriety of ethnic fixings and plans. Bachelor’s Restaurant conjectures that most of buys will be from the culinary experts proposals. Ethnic plans will be utilized to furnish the clients with a various, irregular menu. Culinary expert Rafiq Badsha will likewise be accentuating sound dishes, perceiving the pattern inside the eatery business for the interest for solid cooking. 3. 2 The Menu The menu will be incredibly straightforwar d however changing each day.We will keep a little gathering of constants on the menu and afterward include a culinary experts proposal that we intend to have 85% of suppers requesting. This will assist us with reducing waste and plan fixings and buying. 3. 3 Organic Ingredients The natural fixing component will permit us to cost to the amazingly affluent Internet business people who are hoping to go through an excessive measure of cash to have genuine feelings of serenity that their cash is as yet returning to themselves. We will be amazingly environmentally cognizant too, and spread this over our writing. Eating at Bachelor’s Restaurant will want to have added to the Anjuman Mufudul and drinking new pressed squeezed orange. 3. 4 Ethnic Ingredients and RecipesOur gourmet expert will have extraordinary scope in planning and creating menu contributions from a wide range of world societies. We will try to get all the conventional, bona fide fixings important to maintain these fl uctuated and fascinating social plans. 3. 5 Interior Accouterments People need to keep life fascinating, and our craftsmanship will mirror the world impacts that are center to the disposition of the Bachelor’s Restaurant culinary expert. 3. 6 Product [pic] Step Four: Market Research Analysis Because of the authors associations inside the stylish zone of Bangladesh, we have a fantastic feel for the territory and its center gathering of customers.They will all share something the same, which is an inclination of being in the part of society worthy of anyone's attention and having gotten it throughout everyday life. Despite the fact that the team will be unique and not associate with one another in each fragment, each section is integral to the others. We do plan to raise menu rates as the café gets increasingly swarmed, and to ensure we are charging a premium for the sentiment of being in the part of society worthy of anyone's attention. 4. 1 Market Segmentation 4. 1. 1 The Lo nely Rich Most of the desolate rich are tech laborers nowadays, and the greater part of those tech laborers are Internet laborers. Their life has become their site servers and code they compose, and the individuals who help them to settle on the choices in that world.They spend time with one another, yet frantically need to escape from it and utilize the cash they are piling on. Since this riches has come decently effectively for them, it is especially simple to isolate them from their cash again they spend the most on beverages, canapés and tips. 4. 1. 2 Young Happy Couples The café will have an air that urges individuals to bring dates and to have couples show up. It wont be clumsy for other people, and Bachelor’s Restaurant wants to be a social spot where individuals meet one another and build up a system. These youthful couples are commonly extremely fruitful yet adjusted and wont spend as much on drinks. 4. 1. 3The Rich HippiesThe rich nonconformists in Bangladesh are a monstrous gathering with gigantic impact over the citys government and private endeavor. They wear tie-pass on yet drive BMWs and ache for the sentiment of being in a group of friends that is changing the world regardless of whether in unexpected manners in comparison to in their brilliance days. We will oblige their environmental philosophy and add to good cause to assist them with leaving behind a greater amount of their cash. 4. 1. 4 Dieting Women The natural food menu will consistently have a line of amazingly flavorful low-fat suppers. Bachelor’s Restaurant will have tables of ladies meeting as they do in shows like Sex and the City, to examine a wide range of issues while liking the food they eat. [pic] |4. Market Analysis: | |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Unit Sales | |Meals |22,822 |35,000 |45,000 | |Drinks |11,415 |17,500 |22,500 | |Other |240 |500 |1,000 | |Total Unit Sales 34,477 |53,000 |68,500 | |Unit Prices |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Meals |$15. 00 |$15. 00 |$15. 00 | |Drinks |$2. 00 |$2. 00 |$2. 00 | |Other |$10. 00 |$10. 00 |$10. 0 | |Sales | |Meals |$342,330 |$525,000 |$675,000 | |Drinks |$22,830 |$35,000 |$45,000 | |Other |$2,400 |$5,000 |$10,000 | |Total Sales |$367,560 |$565,000 |$730,000 | |Direct Unit Costs |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Meals |$2. 00 |$2. 00 |$2. 00 | |Drinks |$0. 50 |$0. 50 |$0. 50 | |Other |$1. 00 |$1. 00 |$1. 0 | |Direct Cost of Sales | |Meals |$45,644 |$70,000 |$90,

Excessive Alcohol Drinking Risks and Concerns

Excessive Alcohol Drinking Risks and Concerns Addiction Alcohol Use Print What Is At-Risk Alcohol Drinking? Heavy Drinking or Binge Drinking By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 07, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 23, 2019 How Much Alcohol Is Risky?. © PhotoXpress.com More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery How do you know if you are drinking too much or too often? What does it mean if you drank a bottle of wine last night? The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has conducted research to see who is most at risk of abusing alcohol. What Are the Recommended Levels? According to the NIAAA, guidelines for heavy or at-risk drinking are as follows:Five or more drinks for men: Five or more drinks during any one drinking session, or more than 14 drinks a week, is considered risky.Four or more drinks for women: Four drinks or more during a day, or more than seven drinks a week, is considered heavy drinking for women. If you drink less than the above-recommended amounts, your level of drinking is considered in the low-risk category. According to a major national survey conducted by the NIAAA, only 2% of people who drink at those levels are at risk for developing alcohol abuse disorders or alcoholism. You may be thinking, No one drinks that small amount of alcohol. Anyone who drinks alcohol drinks more than that. But, its not true that everyone drinks a lot. According to the NIAAA survey: Less than 30% of people drink at at-risk levels37% always drink at low-risk levels35% do not drink at all.28% of people drink at heavy or at-risk levels How Much Alcohol Is Too Much? The Risks If you exceed the guidelines, your risk of developing alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence increases significantly. Generally, about 25% of people who drink at higher than the recommended guidelines will develop alcohol problems. If you drink heavily only one day a month, your chances of having an alcohol use disorder are about 20%.If you exceed the guidelines once a week, the chances jump to 33%.If you drink heavily twice a week, the chances of developing a problem are 50%â€"one in every two people. Drinking too much not only puts you at risk of developing an alcohol use disorder, but it also increases the risk of harm in other areas of your life. Injuries Drinking more than the recommended guidelines can put you at risk of being injured or killed. For example, alcohol is a factor in 60% of all fatal burn injuries, drownings, and homicides. Alcohol plays a role in 50% of all severe trauma injuries and sexual assaults as well as being a factor in 40% of all fatal motor vehicle crashes, fatal falls, and suicides. Health Problems The number of health problems that excessive alcohol consumption can cause is long and varied. Heavy drinking can increase the risk of the following Several types of cancerLiver diseaseHeart diseaseStrokeDepressionSleep disordersSexually transmitted diseases (from unsafe sex) Drinking too much can also make managing other health problems and conditions more difficult, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and others. Birth Defects Drinking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of brain damage and other birth defects for newborns. It is unknown if any amount of alcohol during pregnancy is safe for the unborn baby, therefore it is recommended that pregnant women avoid alcohol. Facts You Need to Know About Alcohol Could You Have a Problem? If you go out with friends or co-workers during the week and drink five or more drinks (four for women) and you also drink heavily one night during the weekend, there is a 50-50 chance that you will develop an alcohol use disorder, if you dont have one already. If this pattern sounds familiar, its a good idea to try to cut down your alcohol consumption or try to quit. You might also want to take this quiz to see if your drinking level might already fall into the definitions of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. The Difference Between Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

The Problem Of Global Warming - 1482 Words

Introduction Global warming can be said to be accelerating in a rapid manner. In fact, many countries, ecosystems as well as people are suffering from its impacts. Climate change has affected the weather patterns and has indeed disrupted the variability and trends that exist in climate. This has resulted into an increase in climate-related extremes such as heavy downpour, floods, surges, and droughts. However, it has been seen that indeed most of the affected nations are the ones that have not even contributed immensely to pollution of the globe. Climate change presents an environmental challenge, economic challenge and social challenge to the country that it affects. Bangladesh is a standout amongst the most defenseless nations to climate†¦show more content†¦South Asia has been described as one of the most vulnerable regions of the world that are most vulnerable to climate change impacts. This is despite the fact that most of these areas in South Asia have over the years been known to produce very low carbon IV oxide into the atmosphere. The international community has recognized that indeed Bangladesh ranks high in the list of the countries that are most vulnerable on earth. It is of the essence to note that Bangladesh’s high vulnerability often occurs because of its unique hydro-geological, as well as socio-economic factors. Some of these factors include its geographical location that lies in South Asia, its low elevation with deltaic topography, it extreme climate variability and the fact that majority of its population are often dependent on crop agriculture that is highly influenced by the climate in the area. The main aim of this research paper is to discover the impact of climate change in Bangladesh economy. This research purposefully focuses on the agricultural sector, and this is because this is the main source of the country’s economy. Further, most people in the nation are dependent on food crops. This paper intends to consult several di fferent and diverse geographical studies of the regions that will be exclusive to the climate effects on

Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 And Markus Zusak s The...

Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief are similar in multiple ways. One example being that they both end rather realistically. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak begins and ends rather abruptly. This, however, adds a sense of realism to this moving novel. At the start of The Book Thief, a young girl named Liesel, her younger brother and their mother are on a train to Munich, Germany. The mother was delivering her starved children to foster parents. The boy, however, did not survive the journey. Liesel was still given to the couple, in hopes she won’t receive the same fate of her brother. The exchange does not happen easily, as told on page 28, â€Å" It took nearly fifteen minutes to coax her from the car...There was the gate next, which she clung to...she held on and refused to go inside,† (Zusak 28). As the novel continues Liesel grows to love Herr and Frau Hubermann. The novel continues and the tension begins to build. In the basement of 33 Himmel Street a Jew is hidden. The wrath of Hitler is marching closer and closer to Munich as Liesel learns to love the outlaw. Soon she would know her sins , as told on page 390, â€Å"Liesel was playing soccer when the noise arrived†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢What is that?’...’A herd of cows?’...’The Jews’...They watched the Jews come down the road like a catalog of colors. That s not how the book thief described them but, I can tell you that’s exactly what they were, for many of them would die† (Zusak 390). During the march Mr. Hubermann’s

American Popular Culture Trends and How They Affect Free Essays

American Popular Culture soc/105 August, 22, 2013 In late 19th century America made two tempting and attractive promises; freedom and land (The Johns Hopkins University, 2002). These promises brought many immigrants with the hope of seeing their dreams realized. America today is a multicultural country provides shelter to thousands of immigrants with different cultural background. We will write a custom essay sample on American Popular Culture: Trends and How They Affect or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Oxford Dictionary define culture as â€Å"the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively: 20 century popular culture† (â€Å"Culture,† 2013). The paper American popular culture attempted to emonstrate what popular culture is, three major trends founds in American popular culture, and how it affects personal decisions. In an anthropological sense, popular culture definition given by the authors of Common Culture: Reading and Writing about American Popular Culture, is â€Å"the shared knowledge and practices of a specific group at a specific time† (Petracca Sorapure, 2007, p. 4). Popular culture represents everyday elements. Popular culture is linking to a specific time and place. For that reason may be popular culture may be transient, subject to any changes and also can e an in initiator of change (Petracca Sorapure, 2007). Today, the United States is the chief manufacturer of popular culture goods. For this reason American pop culture is spread around the world through a varieties ot systems as newspapers, television programs, movies, fast foods, fashion, music, and other trends . There are numerous of trends. Three trends that seem to be those of major influences in American style life today are advertising, television, and technology. Those trends sometimes worked in our favor, but many people argued that they have been armful to the human life, especially those subjects relates with themes of economic and human personal interactions. Following an illustration of how those trends influences person’s life. Laura wants to have some fun, so she decided to enroll in a tennis team. Laura knew that probably she will need to have some expenses, so she designed a budget for what she thought will be her cost to play tennis. Exciting she meets the others team’s members but what happens was not expected. Her intention of fun turned into a very competitive, stressful, and expensive experience. Her idea of he expenses needs to include too, her team’s expenses goals. Team’s principal focus was to looks impeccable. Laura’s first plan was to wear any sport clothes with an accessible price, but wait a moment, for the team presence comes first even when that imply high expenses. Meeting the team’s demands Laura needs to buy the best racquet. Second, was â€Å"necessary’ that she makes sure to buy brand new tennis’ outfit from the Nike store, especially that outfit that Monica Puig wore at the Wimbledon tournament. To wear that cloth meant a tremendous suffering for Laura who was esperate because of her five extra pounds. She wanted to look as skinny as Monica does. Feeling overwarming for her five extra pounds, she decides to continue with her mission. Another important matter was not to forget accessories like the polarized sunglasses, Oakley’s last edition, tennis hat, tennis shoes, and the socks. It is not necessary to mention that the accessories should combine with the Nike’s outfit tennis, they must be the same color and brand, because remember â€Å"first dead than simple. Laura knows that her budget was out of control, but it was too late. The most important thing for her was that she was part of that â€Å"fantastic team. † This demonstration was to shown how advertising and some â€Å"rules of beauty’ affected a person’s decision- making. Advertising continually provokes an excessive consumerism. Roy Fox an America Journalist mentioned that people consume more than they produce (Petracca Sorapure, 2007, p. 58). The advertising is not the only trend influencing American popular culture; other major trend is the television. People are crazy to get into their homes and to fall into that recline able sofa with the TV control in hands. They barely talked to their children or their couple. Probably before watch the TV they will have more knowledge. For sure they will be aware about what is happening around the world, but their family relation is affects by that intruder that live with them. The technology is a main contributor for improvements in Jobs, academic studies, cyber-communications, and much more. However, technology has brought to our society many difficult situations as well. Some of the results of the advance technology are violence, pornography, psychological problems specially, in children who are constantly expose to violence video games, and lack of privacy. Sullivan (2006) said â€Å"the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked† (par. , 5) Today nobody knows if someone is watching or monitoring us. As demonstrated earlier, American popular culture has grown tremendously and with it, diversity, technological advances, better ways to communicate at long distance, medical advances, and so much more. Humans nas been under the control ot various predominant trends especially, those promoted by big Industries in the commercial fields. Societies are so into the new things that they are not paying attention to the cost of that way of living. People are unconsciously spending in things that they do not need, living by ridiculous standards of â€Å"beauty’ having as a result young teenagers and adults with a bad mental and physical conditions. People need to be conscious and to make good uses of the advantages than has been given in this times, but do not forget to have precaution and to be alert of possible dangers. How to cite American Popular Culture: Trends and How They Affect, Papers

Conflict Style Management free essay sample

Conflict, according to Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, Fifth Canadian Edition text by Nancy Langton, Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, the definition is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect something that the first party cares about. Conflict Management Style Questionnaire: This is questionnaire deals with how a person deals with conflict and the style and techniques they use in order to handle disputes and differences. According to this 12 question questionnaire, I am a collaborator. This means, according to the results definition within the questionnaire, I am both assertive and cooperative, which is the opposite of avoiding. Collaborating involves an attempt to work with the other person to find some solution which fully satisfies the concerns of both persons. It means digging into an issue to identify the underlying concerns. Collaborating between two persons might take the form of exploring a disagreement to learn from one anothers insights, concluding to resolve some condition which would otherwise have them ompeting for resources, or confronting and trying to find a creative solution to an interpersonal problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Style Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conflict Style Questionnaire A: This questionnaire has 30 questions and you are to select the statement that best represents your most likely response. The end result is to see what your conflict style is. Is it competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding or accommodating. According to this test I am tied between Compromising and avoiding. This is a different outcome then the Conflict Management Style questionnaire above. Assessing My Preferred Style of Conflict Resolution Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 30 questions and asses your current style of conflict resolution. According to this scoring key, I am tied with confronting and compromising. This has some of the same results as above. I actually enjoyed the third questionnaire the most. I believe that this is more of the kind of person I am in regards to dealing with conflict. I like to confront it and deal with it and resolve it with a compromise. I do not believe that I avoid conflicts. To avoid a conflict in my opinion only leads to harsh feels and a possible increase of frustration later on which can lead to a large heated argument and possibly become

Bouncers Essay Example

Bouncers Paper Bouncers was a comedy that was enacted solely by four men dressed throughout in simple black tuxedos, indicating, of course, that they were doormen. These four men played a variety of at least three different characters each- both male and female- and depicted the typical Friday nightlife scene via snapshots of different people and their contrasting perspectives. John Godber, the creator of Bouncers originally came from the North of England. He obviously based his play around a setting that he was familiar with, and writes about his own experiences. The play is a social comment on the life of the uneducated working class in the UK, but has been performed all over the world. We watched the play in Dubai, a city with a cultural background that is quite different from the UK. This was probably why many of the jokes and puns cracked in the course of the play were lost out on the audience. However, I found it commendable that the actors had kept this in mind and had altered parts of the script to include little trivial things like specific venues in the city of Dubai. For example, going to the Mall of the Emirates was mentioned casually at one point. This appealed to the audience since it not only made the play seem more relevant, but it made them feel special since it seemed like it had been engineered specially for them. On first entering the theatre itself, the mood of the play was created. The hall was small and compact with a simple stage and rows of seats that were placed one behind another rather than in levels. The racy 90s dance music that blared from the speakers gave the audience a taster of what they would expect. Four solemn-looking men greeted us at the door, their smart black tuxedos making it clear that they were bouncers. They sternly told some people off for being so informal as to appear in sneakers but when the lights dimmed, we were in for a surprise: the bouncers climbed onto stage as the actors themselves! I thought that this was a nice touch to not only warm up the actors so that they fully immersed themselves in the character, but also an excellent way to set the scene and get the audience more involved in the play by giving them a fully rounded theatre experience using invisible theatre techniques as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Bouncers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bouncers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bouncers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The story centered mainly on the lives of four nightclub bouncers: Les (Matthew Duquenoy), Judd (Jonathan Floyd), Ralph (Simon Watts), and Lucky Eric (John Carter). Of these four, Lucky Eric could perhaps be called the protagonist. He was older and generally more solemn than his three colleagues. As the plot unfolded we discovered that he tended to be as compassionate as the other males described in the story were shameful and disreputable. Lucky Eric had many monologues throughout the play, and through them he related instances that really convinced us of his character- instances like how angry he would get when he would see young, drunk schoolgirls taken advantage of by the vulgar men who frequented the nightclubs. Eric has quite a tragic past, with a wife who left him to become a sleazy bar girl. He is essentially a lonely man, but tries to hide it under his macho, tough character. The other, younger bouncers also tease him constantly about his body image. The stories of eight people, enjoying a night out, were also depicted- four men and four women. It was interesting to see their varied range of personality. The girls ranged from the exotic Sexy Suzy to the more mundane headache-ridden Elaine. The men also were of varying characters. Through all the fast-paced action, however, the play held a deep underlying message that was not lost out in all the humour. It was a message showing how hopeless and bleak peoples lives could become. What all the characters shared was the feeling of failure, since they felt that the only way they could be successful was to enjoy the nightlife. All the characters were desperate people who went out at night looking for love, mistakenly lost under the illusion that sex was love. What I admired most was the fact that they were completely independent of sets and props. The set was a plain black stage and remained the same throughout, with only two bar stools for aid. Despite this, however, the actors used their space to its full potential. The lack of props did not prevent them from pretending that there were props. In some cases, one of them would casually rest an elbow on the empty air, effectively representing the idea that they were leaning against a non-existent table. Since the characters played so many roles, they had to be able to switch between them effectively in such a way that the audience would not be confused as to who they were playing. To go about this, the actors exaggerated their characters and made them more physical- using their voice, actions and postures. When they were playing women, the actors minced about stage with their shoulders held back, talking in a high pitch and making use of their space by angling their hands and gesturing in very stereotypically feminine ways. Sexy Suzy was a perfect example: she made it clear that all the men around her hung on to her every word and struck very feminine poses. It was essential for the characters to be stereotypical if we had to be able to distinguish between the men and the women (since the costumes remained the same). To do this, the actors included little acts which are typically associated with females: when the girls are first shown on stage, they are doing each others hair and gossiping wide-eyed about each other. When Rosie loses her boyfriend she wails mournfully in an overly dramatic way. It is particularly funny to see the girls behaving very sweet to each others faces while making snide remarks behind each others backs. The women were depicted as shallow, superficial characters. Despite being equipped with only a handbag each for props, it was sometimes almost easy to forget the girls were in fact men! It was obviously much easier for the actors to play men, yet it was no easy task to accurately portray their contrasting personalities. However this was done very well. Emphasis and exaggeration was used to their advantage. I thought that Lucky Eric, in particular, did a great job in displaying to us strong emotions like his pent-up fury. His monologues provided an insight into his innermost thoughts, and were delivered with such power and attack that we could feel what he was feeling. One of his strongest monologues was when he told the story of how angry he had felt when he once saw a group of young men taking advantage of a drunk girl in a bar. Lucky Eric spoke with extreme feeling. Give me a kiss, they said, said Lucky Eric about the men in the bar. When explaining this, his tone of voice got loud and full of rage. But at the end, Lucky Eric explained that after he had sent the men away, he had turned to the girl. Give me a kiss, she said. The line was timely and excellent, using the power of repetition; and Eric used it to its full potential. Having reached the anticlimax of his monologue, his voice became soft and almost wounded, his shoulders hunched and his head hung. The last lines of this monologue were delivered with equal power, in a tone of frustration and sadness: Go home, I told her. Just-just go home. Despite this, I felt that Lucky Erics monologues could have been slightly shorter. I appreciated that the slow tempo of the monologues was meant intentionally to contrast the fast pace of the rest of the play; and that the slow tempo was meant to create a deeper message. However, they were slightly rambling and Eric tended to repeat himself slightly. Perhaps if he had moved around more then his monologues might have been more effective. He tended to stand still in one spot throughout his speech, and alternate between two or three expressions and postures only. The audiences attention was distracted slightly when these monologues came on. Judd also did a good job in showing his personality- his immaturity and fickleness was depicted in the way sheer boredom made him eager to get involved in fights. He would constantly try to provoke Lucky Eric, teasing him about something that Eric found very painful: the thought of his wife. In the scene where Eric finally breaks and fights with him, Judd turns morose and resentful. The director planned this scene well, making their fight look realistic by using space well. The audience probably found this scene unexpected but it was effective in illustrating the personalities of the two characters. Not only was the pitch and tenor of the voice involved in character transition, but accents were also a useful tool in this. At one point, the actors had to play upper-class men, going golfing. Their accents and their postures changed dramatically: they became more formal, more proper, their voices became deeper and cleaner, and they looked taller as if they were aware of their importance. The audience found these two upper class men very funny because it was so contrasting from the other, more coarse characters. It was a sort of light break from the plot because it showed, just for an instance, that there were people other than the working class, that the working class depicted only a segment of UK nightlife. Positioning was the other character transition aid. When changing roles, the characters spun around about their feet and landed in a position and posture that was suited to the new role. The bouncers, despite walking around during their speeches, always initially started off in one row with their hands behind their backs and their feet slightly apart (probably to indicate a more masculine posture). This was a method of showing rather than telling the audience that they were someone different. During monologues, the positioning and the lighting changed. The stage was bathed in a yellowish white light, with a spotlight focused on the key character, who moved forward to occupy the center of the stage. The other characters, meanwhile, moved back and faced their backs to the audience. There was one scene where Les was explaining his travails with a rugby team who came to the bar, and the other three actors played the rugby team on the other corner of the stage while Les talked in a spotlight. These methods were very effective because they focused attention on one actor, and the audience therefore found it easier to understand his perspective. Lighting was a very important element of the play. To make up for the lack of set, creative lighting was used in certain places to enhance the mood of the moment. In the scene inside the disco there were multicoloured lights flashing through the stage, and for a scene in which they were depicting a pornographic movie, a white strobe light flashed rhythmically; helping not only to create the sleazy background, but also to make it clear that the scene was on TV. Each set of characters was given its own lighting scheme. When the four actors were playing bouncers, the shape projected on the background screen was blue, when they were playing the young men, the shape was green, and when they were playing women it was pink. The colours were carefully chosen to be symbolic of the groups of characters they were representing; for example, pink is generally associated with women and blue is a more masculine colour. The shape that was projected on the screen rremained the same for the most part of the play. It was a rough contour of a heart, which was again symbolic of the theme of the play. At the end of Act One, the heart was highlighted in red, perhaps to emphasize what the characters were looking for. Music was an element that was used throughout the performance. Light rhythmic instrumentals were used to build up the tempo etc. and sometimes, specific songs were used as part of the comedy. When Rosy found that her boyfriend had been cheating on her, she sobs loudly on stage, and suddenly, the song I will survive plays on the speakers with Rosie lip-synching along in a dramatic and hilarious way! When the bouncers come on stage, deep classical music is played to give a very macho, manly feel. It is also interesting to note that when Lucky Eric and Judd have a fight, the music that is playing is from the ballet Romeo and Juliet; it is the song that is played when the rich Capulet is showing off about his wealth. Although the play had a realistic setting and a very genuine message to give, the performance itself did not use naturalistic techniques. Drama techniques like flashbacks, audience asides, monologues, tableaux and freeze-frames were constantly employed throughout the performance. The lighting was also strong and vibrant, in colours that were perhaps more symbolic than realistic. The costume and make-up were as subtle as the sets and props. The four characters never changed out of their black tuxedos, and if they had had any make-up on it was just so that their faces could be seen clearly against the light. The tuxedos were simple, universal, and made them all look the same. The wonderful thing about Bouncers was the fact that it not only had good acting, but also a good script. The language used accurately portrayed the setting, and the conversations held different contrasts. There were monologues where the tempo of the play needed to be slowed down, but there were rapid interplays of dialogue between characters when they needed to maintain the upbeat rhythm. Much of the script rhymed too. This added to the humour in the play! Some specific scenes were particularly impressive. In some dancing scenes, only the four actors managed to effectively give the impression of being caught in a crowd of people. They pushed, shoved, crawled, and mopped sweat from their brows; everything appropriately exaggerated. Another scene was a snapshot of a taxi ride, and although there were no props, sets or even parts of the dialogue that suggested that the characters were in a taxi, just their actions made it clear. They swayed, jolted and panted where the taxi was too fast, and even bounced in their seats where necessary. The movie scene was also well depicted. Two of the actors were playing the characters in the TV itself while the other two were watching the scene. The two watching the scene occasionally paused the movie by raising an arm- and the TV scene then froze. When a rewind had to be done, the TV characters enacted all their movements backwards. I thought that this was very effective. What really makes a play successful is using the medium of acting uniquely and effectively. The play should be able to give you a different feeling than if you had read the story in a book, or watched it as a movie. Bouncers definitely fulfilled this criterion. The variety of techniques that were used, along with the superb acting skills and the physical actions made us feel that the storyline wasnt the only important thing in the story; we wouldnt have felt the same if we had read it in a book. Similarly, the audience interaction in the beginning of the show, as well as the general atmosphere that had been created, made one feel that it was better to have watched Bouncers as a play in a theatre rather than a movie on TV. In conclusion, I was awed by the performance of the actors in Bouncers and was impressed by the script and the directions. The play was a source of inspiration to succeed in my own devised dramas!

Reflective Journal On Management Skills Example

Reflective Journal On Management Skills Example Reflective Journal On Management Skills – Article Example Task Reflective Journal I recently took the Myers Briggs Personality Test and the results were really not surprising. They just affirmed assumptions I had about myself. The results indicated that I was an ISFP. This stands for Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perception.I have tried to reflect on these results and they have opened my eyes to a new way of thinking. The test firstly classified me as an introvert and I think to a great degree this is true. I tend to observe situations very carefully before I engage myself in them and I am a very thoughtful person. I normally do not undertake any activity without carefully examining every aspect of it.On sensing, I consider myself a realist. My perception of information works in a very simple way. Whatever I perceive must make sense in its entirety and I do not leave any chances for assumptions. I like being fully sure of whatever it is I perceive. I prefer dealing with issues that are at hand and I really dislike dealing with situati ons where I cannot have all the information in concrete form. This is because it leaves room for assumptions and this creates room for doubt and errors.I scored a score of 50% on the feeling aspect of the test. This is because I usually consider a greater picture of activities than what is provided by the pure exercise of logic. I have to consider all the aspects of whatever decision I am making and I think this is one unique feature about me. Managerial decisions affect individuals in a personal way too and therefore it is best if these personal considerations are taken into account in these decisions.The test however revealed one thing about me, that I am good in making decisions. I do not have any problem making decisions but I need time to effectively make up my mind. Decisions ought to be right and this calls for prudence and careful considerations of all issues involved. I believe that it is right for me to take my time and deal with issues effectively because I realise that i n some circumstances I may not be adequately equipped to deal with them at the first instance. I therefore need to take my time and learn what to do. This to me is a good leadership attribute because I need to be self-aware and know what my weaknesses and strengths. This I cannot achieve by being a Know-it-all. Musselwhite (2007: 1) puts it simply that â€Å"Self-awareness is being conscious of what youre good at while acknowledging what you still have yet to learn. This includes admitting when you dont have the answer and owning up to mistakes.†ReferenceMusselwhite, C. (ed) (2007) Self-Awareness and the Effective Leader, DiscoveryLearning, Inc. Available,www.discoverylearning.com/Documents/Self%20Awareness%20and%20the%20Effective%20LeaderOct%2007.pdf at 30th January 2012

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Cold War America - Research Paper Example identity, by divergence with the corresponding fabrication of patriotism, which comprises of the social conditioning and personal bearing that underwrite a country’s decision and actions. Nationalism is studied through two perspectives that are psychological and political or social perspective.The former point of view encompasses personal attachment to religion or a person, the need to interact and communicate or a desire to belong. This perspective depicts the elementary human motivation. The latter perspective talks about Primordialist perspective; here nationalism is explained as a shadow of the antique and opinionated evolutionary attitude of mankind to merge into different groups or colonies that share the same propinquity of birth. The second perspective describes nationalism as a novel episodes pre-requisite of existence of modern society. Henceforth, this paper is set about study the role of nationalism in modern Europe on multiple levels, how it is being manifested in the regime and what are some aspects of the character of the issue in Europe. Starting with the evolution of nationalism in Europe, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the major countries of Europe such as Germany, Italy and Romania. Here, the role of Napoleon played a crucial role, since his code and intellectualities became an influential ethics for the European. Furthermore, taglines for liberty, freedom, equality and brotherhood started sweeping into the ideologies of the people. Apart from this, national awakening emerged as a result of theories of national identity, self-expression for nationhood and attachment to the culture. Other than Napoleon, G. W Friedrich Hegel proposed the idea that where religion and dynastic duty were on downswing, there nationality is an essential backbone for structuring of societies (McKay, Hill & Buckler. et al 2013). The eruption of Nationalism was not only on one level, but many. Many researches and studies show that in the 19th century in Europe,

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Accounting for Leaders- Kitchen Utensils Limited - Essay Example Kitchen Utensils LTD faces a number of problems. First, the company is unable to recruit and maintain educated and quality employees. The business has also failed to develop a desirable working environment to develop right skill set (Catanach & Feldmann, 54). This is so because the sales staff that the company has in hand lacks basic accounting skills. Secondly, there is a lack of proper training programs for the employees (Harvard Business School, 98). The management only trains their employees when the need arise. From the case, it is evident that the management is reactive rather than being proactive. The seminar has only been organized as a result of declining sales volume. Thirdly, there is a lack of proper communication of objective (Brocke & Rosemann, 129). The management has failed to formulate a common goal for the different departments. The three-day conference is only organized when Paul discovered that the sales personnel cannot translate sales into profit. They are, therefore, not able to determine accounting profit. Another problem that the company faces is a lack of agreement. Instead of coming to a common conclusion, the lecture only caused consternation among the sales personnel. The sales personnel, in fact, felt frustrated after the lecture. The following strategies should be adopted by the company to address the above challenges. The company needs to provide their employees with a workplace where they feel supported and valued in order to attract decent candidates (Vandenbosch, 48). The management should develop an effective employee selection method in order to be able to find talented individuals with the necessary set of skills for the business. This will not only increase the performance of the company but will also reduce the training costs. Employee selection tools such as structured interviews, General Mental Ability and Situational Judgment Tests have been

Coffee Shop In Singapore Marketing Essay

Coffee Shop In Singapore Marketing Essay This business report aims to provide in detail the information of an investor as well as the basic strategic business plan that necessary for operating and establishing initially of One Shot coffee shop. This plan outlines the following contents such as market analysis, company overview, operating plan, products and services, sales and marketing strategy, risk assessment, projected financial report and business growth plan. President of One Shot coffee shop is Mr. Wang and the vice president of One Shot coffee shop is Mr. Kun, vice president has a 45% share of the company, and president has a 55% share of the company. President of the company also is a CEO of the coffee shop, the CEO Manager the employees, and the vice president in charge with the goods supply. A vision can be defined as an eye chart, sometimes also referred to as the Company in the picture, but it is so much more than this. Your vision statement is your inspiration, your strategic planning framework. An eye chart, can be applied to a single sector of the entire company or the company. Whether all or part of an organization, the eye chart to answer the question, Where we want to go? Become the leading branded coffee shops in the region to business casual, taking into account the mood of consumer. About three years to recover the total investment cost, and gradually began to profit. 2.2 Mission Mission statement is a statement of the purpose of company or organization its reason for existing. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization. spell out its overall goal, provide a path, and guide decision-making. It provides the framework or context within which the companys strategies are formulated. Hill, Ch, Jones, G. (2008) To become a leader in this industry and provide a stable and reasonable income for the owners of the place for investment. (2) The successful completion of the construction and development of the stores, and gradually withdraw the investment capital. 3.Product and service Product and service are when a firm offer a mix of both products and services, in compare to the traditional focus on products. As define by a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a users need. largely motivated by the need on the part of traditionally oriented manufacturing firms to cope with changing market forces and the recognition that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than product alone.Face with shrink markets and increased commercialization of their products, those firms saw service provision as a new path toward profits and growth. 3.1The main product and service Cappuccino With less milk than a latte, cappuccino offers a stronger espresso flavor and a luxurious texture. To make it properly require more skill and attentiveness. Arguably the most important things is frothing the foam to velvety perfection as the milk steams something One Shot coffee shop barrister take great care to achieve . The milk mous tache that clings to your upper lip is proof weve made yours right. And we may say, you wear it well. Espresso Smooth and versatile Espresso Roast is the very heart and soul of One Shot. Its rich flavor, lingering aroma and caramel sweetness make it the perfect found for lattes, cappuccinos and all One Shot coffee shop espresso based beverages. But you can also enjoy it all by itself indeed, that might be the best way to discover its nuances. White Chocolate Mocha White chocolate fans will tell you they like it elegant, creamy taste. Its smooth subtle, is a perfect complement to a bolder taste. There is no bolder than we are rich, full-bodied espresso tastes. And it turns out, there is no better way to experience the decadent white chocolate, rather than in this delicious beverage. Caramel Macchia-to Scores of people are passionate devotees of the signature beverage. So bewitch are they, youd think it was any kinds of magical elixir. Well theres no hocus pock here. Well tell you exactly what goes into it: creamy vanilla flavored syrup, freshly steamed milk with a topping of velvety rich foam, one intense hit of One Shot Espresso roast, a finish of buttery caramel drizzle. okay, we take it back. It sounds like is magic to us. but it taste even better. Vanilla Latte There are many delicious ways to join espresso, but one of that couldnt be more classic is that Vanilla latte. Just need a few ingredient make up that favorite: One Shot Signature espresso. Creamy steamed milk and our classic vanillas syrup. Simple, .Satisfying always. 4.Industry summary and analysis 4.1PESTEL This sector examines in detail the external environment as well as the macroeconomic forces include the current issues such as the global financial crisis, inflation, etc. facing the coffee industry operates. In this case, an analysis and estimation of the main external environment factors to the One Shot coffee shop by using the PESTEL Analysis. Any analysis of the successes and failures facing a SME must understand the macro environment within which a SME operates (Barney and Hesterly, 2008). The PESTEL framework is designed to provide managers with an analytic-al tool to identify different macro-environment factors that may business strategies, and to assess what difference environmental factor may influence the business performance now or in future. The PESTEL framework include six types of important environment influences: political, economic social, technological, environmental and legal factors. These factors would not be seen as independent factor. Factor such as a technological advances may probably affect the social and economic conditions in different markets. 4.1.1Political factors The political factor is to what extent the government intervention in the economy. Specifically, political factors, such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services, the government should provide or provided (merit goods), the government does not want (demerit goods or advantages of bads). In addition, governments have great influence in health, education, and a national infrastructure It is known that Singapore is a very stable country with low social risk, at the same time; the government of Singapore is encourage more and more tourists to Singapore, ;like the government building the casino in Singapore, the government also want more tourists come to Singapore. The government agencies in Singapore play a very active role in promoting Singapore as a global destination. Under the guidance of STB (Singapore tourism board) it takes majors to promote itself as a MICE destination. For such a good political factors let the business in Singapore get more benefit. Hence, the One Shot coffee shop may run its business stability and benefit its investment profitability under Singapores strong government policies. 4.1.2Legal factors Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer protection law, antitrust law, labor law, health and safety laws.These factors may affect the Companys operations, its cost, and the demand for its products. As Singapores law is very strict and the government will protect Intellectual property rights and doesnt allow other companies to infringe the copyright and intellectual property so it is very good for company to compete with each other fairly. For the One Shot coffee shop in Singapore its intellectual property rights had been protect under the Singapores legal. 4.1.3Economic factors Economic factors such as economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. These factors have significant impact on the enterprise how it works, and make a decision. For example, interest rates affect the companys cost of capital, and therefore, the extent to which the business growth and expansion. Exchange rates affect the cost of export goods and the supply and price of imported goods in the economic Based on trade, economics (2011), Singapores per capita GDP (gross domestic product) is higher than most developed countries. In fact, with the economic development of Singapores economy diversified, open trade policies, international communication links, and attract multinational investment. Singapore is a vibrant economy, and its economy is heavily dependent on exports. From 2007 to 2010, 7.62% of the to enjoy average GDP growth. It enjoys a higher per capita income than most developed countries. February 14, 2007, the Singapore government announced that the annual economic growth of 7.9% in 2006, 7.7% higher than originally anticipated. Singapores unemployment rate was 2.2%, around February 20, 2009. As of August 7, 2010, Singapore is one of the worlds fastest growing economies, the growth rate was 17.9% in the first half of 2010. Singapore is a highly abundant natural resources. Have advanced the state of the infrastructure, including country hotels, roads, transport facilities, telecommunicate facilities, aviation services. One Shot coffee shop might be an opportunity in such a good condition. 4.1.4Social factors Social factors include the cultural aspects of health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on the safety. Trend of social factors on the impact of the companys products and needs, the companys operations. For example, the aging of the population may mean a smaller, more willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). In addition, the company may change to a different management strategy, in order to adapt to these social trends (such as to hire older workers). Social environment in SMEs is concerned about innovation, risk taking, and large-scale transformation to social problem solving (Kuratko, 2008). Singapore has a very vibrant cosmopolitan culture. It has a very strong education system. Everyone is comfortable with English. Along with business tourism opportunities it has great facilities for leisure activities such as state of the art shopping malls, casinos, resorts, restaurants etc. Thus it can be concluded that the social factors are very supportive for the coffee industry in Singapore. Singapore is considered as a very safe city. 4.1.5Technological factors Technical factors, including the technical aspects, such as R D activity, automation, technology incentives, technological change speed. They were able to determine the access threshold, the minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. In addition, changes in technology will affect the cost, quality and lead to innovation. There is no doubt that the modern technology not only improves all the coffee equipments quality and productivity. but also accelerate the commercialization process of the coffee business. SMEs primarily face challenge of technologies in transportation, utility, health care, electrical, and computer industries. Technological forces can create new markets, reduce and eliminate cost barriers between businesses (David, 2009). Using a professional Espresso coffee machine made by Italian, never on the details of some coffee neglect. 4.1.6Environmental factors The environment factors such as the weather and climate change. The One Shot coffee shop will set hotel royal queens at 12 queen street Singapore. the weather and climate change doesnt affect One Shot coffee shop. 4.2SWOT Humphrey, Albert (December 2005). SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats are involved in one project or in a commercial venture. It involved specifying the objectives of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. By using SWOT analysis can assist One Shot coffee shop to identify the internal weakness and external threats factors, then improve the performance and search the benefits from opportunities and counter the threats as well. 4.2.1STRENGTHS The freshest coffee. Now cook baked transported on a weekly basis, to ensure that the beans are in the peak of tasting The most rigorous training. Three months to six months rigorous training of professional coffee Daren implement the recipe from the coffee to the professional knowledge of coffee plus Leadership and Service concept, inject One Shot passion for each cup of coffee. The most professional and coffee.   A professional Espresso coffee machine of  Italian, never on the details of any coffee neglect. The most comfortable environment.   Most spacious seating space, with the tone of European art-style decor, and free wireless Internet service offers consumers the most comfortable and convenient dining environment The special location. In this hotel just have one coffee shop inside. 4.2.2WEAKNESSES Affected by the location, almost customers are the person who is live in this hotel. One Shot coffee shop is a new company, almost customer are like the Starbucks. 4.2.3OPPORTUNITIES An unfulfilled customer need. There is an opportunity to increase the customer base by advertising as well as developing the new products and services. The merger or other types of expansion strategy can be considered as the opportunities factors when this coffee shop business plan get to the stage of maturity. The coffee shop set in hotel industry is a new developing market. 4.2.4THREATS Price wars with competitors. Some of competitors strive to earn a higher market share by selling its products and services at a lower price. New entrants and cost: the threat of new entrants in the market is a critic elements. This is a growth factor in the development, but also the threat of new entrants,intense competition and rapid deployment in the target market. 4.3 Porters five forces The porters five forces model of competitive analysis is a widely used approach for developing strategies in many industries. Indeed, the five forces model can determine the kinds of competitive forces are the firm staffs facing and measure the force on how strong are there in different parts the company facing. The figure shows the porters five forces model of competition below. Porters five forces model of competition Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Rivalry a mongst existing firms in the industry Threat of substitute products or services Porter Five force High Medium Low Competitive Rivalry à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Threats of New Entry à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Bargaining Power of Customers à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Bargaining Power of Suppliers à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Threats of substitution à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (Source: diagram created for this assignment) 4.3.1Threat of new entrants (high) The threat of new entrants is the threat of new competitors in the industry, existing competitors. A profitable industry realized profits will attract more competitors. If these new entrants is very easy to enter the market low barriers to entry the company has been a threat to competition in this market. More competitive while consumer demand increases or increase capacity which means less profit to go around. According to the power of one of Porters five forces model, the threat of new entrants, shape the competitive structure of an industry. Porters definition of the threat of new entrants, and completely changed the way people look at an industry competitive. Coffee shop is a low expensive shop , and One Shot coffee shop is a new brand in Singapore,the required investment is low. The major cost includes the real estate and coffee related equipments. Franchise is also an option that investment risks are low,Barriers to entry are low, thus the threat of new entrants are high due to low switch cost, and low capital requirements, and low restrictions. So the threat of new entrants is high. 4.3.2Threat of substitute products or services (high) The threat of substitute products or services: product substitutes and other products to perform the same or similar functions. Professor of microeconomics, more alternatives, the demand for the product becomes more elastic. The elasticity of demand is the consumer price sensitivity, which is equivalent to less certainty of profits. An attractive alternative to price the price of alternatives as the upper limit of the price of the underlying product. An attractive alternative behavior, depressed prices to reach its profit potential of the industry. Improved quality, alternatives alternatives quality is high, there are more and more pressure, the increase in the quality of the main product. Low switching costs passed on to consumers switching costs for consumers can come in the form of currency conversion costs cost or lifestyle. The monetary cost to the price of alternative products, and the cost of living is subjective, it is difficult to determine. In either case, more easily and lower cost is to switch to the alternative, the Alternate higher threat. Other substitutes tea, juice, soft drinks, alcohol and other coffee and non-coffee related drinks. given the sensitivity of consumers to price of coffee and a number of substitute available, the significance of the threat from substitutes is high. 4.3.3Bargaining power of suppliers (medium) Powerful bargaining power of suppliers, the seller and the buyer, the seller greater influence. This effect can be used to reduce the profit the buyer more favorable pricing, the limit product or service quality, or part of the cost is passed on to the buyer, the supplier is powerful. coffee is supplied by a variety of farms from South America or Africa. Third of all the coffee farms are less than one third. Industry main hedge position by diversifying those supplier portfolio. The power of suppliers is medium since there is a wide array of farmlands that supply specialty coffee beans, however, the farmers do supply a differentiated product. 4.3.4Bargaining power of buyers (Low) Porters five forces buyer bargaining power is consumer pressure, can play on the enterprise, allowing them to provide higher quality products and better customer service, lower prices. In the analysis of the bargaining power of buyers, industry analysis, from the sellers point of view. According to Porters five forces industry analysis framework, the buyer power of the forces shaping one of the competitive structure of an industry. The number of buyers in the industry is large, and their purchases are low volume. Industrys products, service and experience are differentiated.A cup of coffee does not represent a significant fraction a buyers cost of living. The buyers power is low because of that they lacked negotiation power and the ability to force down prices and pit competitors against each other. 4.3.5Rivalry among-st existing firms in the industry (Medium) Competitiveness increasingly competitive, when one or more competitors see an opportunity to grow, and competitors customers, or feel the need to attract more customers because of low profitability. Competition in the industrial competitiveness is an important issue, usually there will be many competitors are trying to carry out a sufficient rate of return on investment, profitability is generally low. Several competitors those who have already established a competitive advantage the profits of treason, but the more competitive competition means that the balance of payments, and generate enough cash to survive the struggle. Retaliation competitive competition intensified, the reaction of competitors, an aggressive strategy, with its own offensive or defensive strategy. This kind of competition is often the reasons for lower prices, competitors use a marginal contribution to the cost of administrative expenses. However, the competitiveness of the competition by fighting in advertising, product introduction and customer service. One Shot coffee shop is a coffee shop in the hotel ,The intensity of rivalry is medium because of the numerous competitor within the industry, despite it being a growing at 15% annually. On the other hand, there is no evidence of price or advertising wars within the industry. 5.Market strategy One Shot Cultures marketing strategy will be focused at getting new customer, retaining the exist customers, got customers to spend more or come back more often. Building a loyal customer base is a paramount importance since such customer core will not only generate most of the sales but also will provide favorable referrals. 5.1Competitive Edge One Shot culture, positioning itself as a unique coffee bar, its customers can not only enjoy the perfect coffee a cup, but also spent time in the surrounding environment. Comfortable sofas and chairs, dim lighting and quiet relaxing music will help customers relax from everyday stress, to distinguish single from incumbent competitors culture. 5.2Sales strategy The shooting cultural balistas the processing sales transactions. In order to speed up customer service, and at least two employees to provide services to customers of an employee, customer orders will be ready, the other employees will be taken care of sales transactions. All data will be recorded on the sales of computer point-of-sale terminal in the subsequent analysis for marketing purposes. In order to build its customer base, we will use the banner of a single culture and flyers, customer referrals with other businesses, communities and cross-promotional. At the same time, the customer retention program will be used to ensure that customers come back and spend more coffee. 5.3Marketing mix The Marketing mix is a common words that used to describe a various choices which the company must process the procedure of bringing a specific services or products to the market. Besides, it is also known as the four Ps which include the Price, Place, Product and Promotion. (Kamil et al 2009) 5.3.1Product strategy The product actually means that the service or product introduced by the company which offer to the customer of the target market. In this business plan, the product of One Shot coffee shop company is the services such as the pool lessons, the rental of One Shot coffee shop, and the snacks and beverage counter services. constantly developing new breakfast cereals the product element is the new product themself, setting the price right involved examining customer perception and rival products as well as costs of manufacture, promotion involved engaging in a range of promotional activities e.g. competitions, product tasting etc, 5.3.2Place strategy Marketing experts know that the best product in the world will never make an impact in the business world if no one can locate and obtain it. Keeping this simple, yet vital brick in the house of marketing, One Shot coffee shop gives careful consideration to the placement of its restaurant. Within that marketing research, It takes into consideration the population of a given part, major roadway in the vicinities of the proposed coffee shop site, traffic that passes by the coffee shop site, and the demographics of that area, as they know a great deal about One Shot customers. The place of One Shot coffee shop is in hotel royal queens at 12 queen street Singapore, in the hotel ,there is only had one coffee shop inside.so the place of One Shot coffee shop is a very good place, its in the central of Singapore. 5.3.3Pricing strategy Built in the right area, the people will come, but a good price does play a role, so that they come back. The single main content of the marketing strategy is one of the efficient pricing of their products. Understanding of the target market, including a large part of the family, they always need an affordable way to go out to dinner with their children, over the years a menu price, almost anyone can eat a lens, and enjoy quality meals without flowers a lot of money. What is really down the value of people enjoy single food, which is a big part of repeat customers, the best in the world price of products sold, if consumers do not think, what they buy. In fact, a single pointed out in their value menu in recent years, it provides a selection of menu items at a low price, this thoroughly. Other marketing concepts are integrated into the strategic value menu. Menu as the value of this project , to sell profitable products, this is a small loss leaders, if any profits are usually single cafe, coffee and soft drinks of your choice to accompany earnings, so that you have a a good price, but single cafe achieve the profitability. 5.3.4Promotion strategy One Shot coffee shop are still some basic promo gimmicks that most cafes should have like coffee mugs with your logo print on it. Travel mug is one of the most besought after item coffee junkies want. One Shot can sell these at shop or give it away on special occasion like your store open or yearly anniversary. One Shot coffee shop should also or have other standard promotional items such as shirts, key chains, tumblers, and note pads. If you want your promotion items to been seen more, offer things what people will really used outside the home like T- shirts, caps and visors, laptop bags, and backpack. For the high end market, One Shot coffee shop can sell CDs with a collection of music One shot coffee shop usually play at One Shot coffee shop Another method to market One Shot coffee shop business is by increasing One Shot coffee shop visibility online. Set-up a website where One Shot coffee shop can post materials related to the coffee business. One Shot coffee shop can also post announcements on One Shot coffee shop website for special offers and contests. Post One Shot coffee shop details on One Shot coffee shop site such as name, logo, location and telephone number. Add one page for suggestion, a forum and contact pages. Promote a special item on your menu on a week basis. One Shot product can be one coffee beverage, pastry or dessert. Announce the promotion on One Shot coffee shop site. Make One Shot coffee shop promo exciting and fun to encourage customers to come. One Shot coffee shop could have a contest like a coffee art contest wherein customers can create their own coffee art win prizes. Post the contest details and prizes on One Shot coffee shop website too. Prizes can be inexpensive like a free mug of coffee, coupon or free T-shirt with One Shot logo. Offering coffee charge cards is a very good idea. It is convenient for some staff and client. Instead of searching for coin and bill in their wallet or bag, customers can simply use a prepaid charge card to buy One Shot coffee. It is pretty convenient for customers who bought coffee daily. In other advantage is that One Shot get to sold more coffee in advance. 6.Management team and company structure This section of the business plan is essential information for investors and financial institution-it gives information about how your company is organized and who is in charge. This section is useful for relaying who accomplishes what tasks for the business, the business knowledge of the management team and the qualifications of the board . In this coffee shop Mr.Wang is the CEO, and Mr.Kun is the Chief Operating Officer,and one Chief Financial one Officer Chief Marketing Officer one Chief Technology Officer CEO may be able to set strategic, predict the future and control the budget, CEOs think about where the organization are going, the people and process need to get there, and how they will work in the current market. A COO handles a companys complex operational details. The companys COO insures the business can deliver day by day. COO figure out just what need to be measured so COO can tell if that things are going well. Then COOs team create the systems to track the measurement and take action when the company is not delivering. CFO will been busy figuring out that customers, business line and product is profitable, so the next year you can afford the really cool equipment. CMO owns the marketing strategyand that often includes the sales strategyand oversees its implement. The CMO will know or learn One Shot industry inside out and helps One Shot position One Shot product, differentiate it from your competitors products, enlist distributor, and make sure that customers are learn to crave One Shot product. CTO is a very important person in One Shot coffee shop, CTO need produce the coffee which one can make it more good. And at last we need 10 waiters, One Shot coffee shop must ensure that when a customer needs help always had one waiter in the side. 7. Operating planning It is describe one short term way of achieve milestones and explain how, or that portion . A strategic plan will set into operation when a given operational period, in the case in a commercial application, the fiscal year or another given budget term. One operational plan are the basis for, and testificatory for an annual operate budget request. Therefore, five year strategic plan need five operation plan fund by five operate budget. Operational plans should build the activity and budgets for every part of the organization for the next 1 to 3 years. One Shot link the strategic plan with the activity the organizations will deliver and the resources require to deliver their. An action plan drawn directly describe institutions and plan tasks and goals, plan objectives and plan activities of agencies and programs of strategic plan. 7.1 Clear objectives In fact, the objectives same as the Goals addressed at the beginning of this business plan, the details of the clear objectives summarized . The clear objectives of the One Shot coffee shop company Objectives Description Rent a venue approximate 5,000 square feet as the location of One Shot coffee shops business operation. Offer a custom-made coffee lessons. Provide in details the One Shot coffee shop companys first year projected profit and loss statement. Establish the working relationships with the hotel during the period of first operating year. Build a positive image and perception as well as enhance the One Shot coffee shops awareness to the public. (Source: diagram created for this assignment) 8.Risk Assessment Management Risk assessment is a step in a risk management the procedure. The risk assessment is to determine the quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to the specific circumstances and recognized the threat. Quantitative risk assessment need to calculate the risk of the two components (R): the amplitude of the potential losses (L), and the probability (p), loss will occur. Risk assessment assumptions and uncertainties explicitly consider and present an objective risk assessment. The difficult part of the risk management is one of the number of measurements,

This house would make the student pay

I strongly disagree in making university students pay for their tuition fees as I feel that education should come as a right and not have to come at a price. We all know that if there were no fees for university everybody who has the required grades for the specific university would have the chance to attend as often high achieving students miss out on the opportunity of university as they had come from a less – privileged family and this is unfair, but also it is discrimination to those from poorer backgrounds. As a result only those that are privileged and can afford the education can send their children to university. Student loans are offered as an option to help pay tuition fees but they tend to do more harm than good as there are unforeseen consequences. Tori Siler dropped out of Purdue University in 1999 after borrowing the maximum amount of federal student loans in America, about $46,000. Today, the single mother of two boys earns $32,000 a year as an administrative assistant, while her unpaid student-loan debt has ballooned to more than $100,000. Her lender wants her to repay $650 a month — one-quarter of her gross income — for the next 35 years. By the time Siler made the last payment, she would be 78. Hundreds of thousands of student borrowers are discovering what Siler has learned: that student loans are increasingly difficult to escape, regardless of the burden repayment might be. Unfortunately many students are having no option as universities tragically withdraw the person from their course due to the inability to pay for their courses which hinders their learning. Loans start being paid off when the student has a secure job which earns a minimum of fifteen thousand pounds and takes at least three years to pay back with interest added on from day one of payment. Therefore a large proportion of students are leaving university with a substantial amount debt. It is hard to agree with the fact that if there were no tuition fees with grants made available then more people will feel inclined to apply for university. Therefore these people would make something out of their lives. Graduates benefit the society as a whole but if fewer people graduate there are less people to fill spaces for specialty jobs e.g. doctors and lawyers as they are not as they will not have the sufficient knowledge and skills for the jobs. The UK is currently below average on how many young people are attending university as several other countries are sending more than sixty percent of young people in their population to university. Finland and Scotland are two perfect examples of countries in which people do not pay university are doing very well. The evidence of this is Edinburgh in Scotland has the most graduates in the entire world and their students are not paying fees! Surely that already shows how university fees are putting the country behind? It can be argued that independence and experience are gained and it prepares them for the future lives as they will have to be paying for those themselves, but in most circumstances parents end up paying so how is it in any way giving them or even offering any independence. The loans students have when they have graduated from university cause them to begin their lives after education in debt and there is no guarantee that they will even be able to pay it off for a very long time. It might be the in the priority of the government to put schools and hospitals first with taxpayers money as they only have a certain amount to pay for but services, hospitals and police but education as a whole should not have to come at a price as it is not a privilege but a basic right. As countries are becoming more developed they need a more highly – trained and skilled workforce. From one point of view it can be seen that the system is fair to students from different backgrounds as the fees are only paid back when a certain salary threshold is reached so someone who fails to benefit from their education doesn't apply for it, but I can easily make it clear that tuition fees discriminate those from poorer backgrounds who are less able to get into debt because even if they choose to go to university, students who happen to have rich parents are a great advantage compared to those who have to pay off the fees themselves. We need to cancel all debt for those leaving university. At the moment it would be persuasively argued that too many people are applying to university (around thirty five percent of all students). So obtaining a degree is simply not worthwhile for some people given their future employment plans; the time could be spent more wisely and constructively in actual work because nowadays universities are feeling pressurised to take as many people as possible as they are funded per student but it is not always in the students best interest as many choose to skip lectures, but what sort of government presumes to decide on behalf of the public what career they should follow? Everyone should have a free choice in deciding whether they want a degree or not, the argument of those opposing me is purely elitism, which is not right in a society like this. Those statistics just conceal the true problem without solving what is needed to be solved. It is like trying to ignore a river by building a dam. The water, like the problems, will just build and build†¦ This country is more developed and is still moving forward therefore more skilled graduates are needed. My own mother who left university nine years ago to her surprise saw that in her last bank statement money for her student loan had been removed from her account and this is happening to an increasing number of people as years go by. It has become more evident that many more people as years go by will be living off benefits and digging the country into a deeper hole. This is because more problems may arise such as crime as many people are becoming idle. The money the government doesn't want to pay on university will just be spent on jails and other problems to arise from this poor decision. It is up to you – lose: and you will be inevitably leaving university with debt to pay off or win: and won't be discouraged from university as you will not have student loans and extra debt to pay off.

Jose Rizal Essay

Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the Philippines to offer courses about Josà © Rizal. The full name of the law is An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes. The measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines due to the anti-clerical themes in Noli Me Tà ¡ngere and El Filibusterismo. RIZAL AS A HERO According to Renato Constantino, when the American government conquered the island of the Philippines from the Spanish government in 1896, the American government established a commonwealth government after the Spanish revolutionary government ceased to govern the country. At this time of the Philippine history, Filipinos under the commonwealth government started to frame up Filipino national identities. When the question on who would be the national hero arose, whether Rizal or Bonifacio, the American government â€Å"guided† the Filipino people to choose Rizal. The American rationale was based on Rizal’s peaceful propaganda and diplomatic approaches in attaining Philippine freedom and independence, unlike Bonifacio who chose a bloody revolution. Whether this assessment is accurate or not, Dr. Rizal has been considered a hero of the Philippines from the outset: a public holiday was declared honouring Dr. Rizal in 1898, whereas that for Bonifacio was not declared until 1921. Dr. Rizal was considered to be his inspiration by Bonifacio himself. Even without the assistance of US propaganda, Rizal would have been honoured as a hero in the Philippines. Perhaps the effect of the propaganda was less to boost Rizal and more to denigrate Bonifacio. THE RIZAL LAW AND NATIONALISM Much has been said and written about Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the man whose life we are honoring today. He was dubbed as our national hero, rightly so, as his life and even his morose death has inspired and continues to inspire  generation after generations of Filipinos. In a time where being born a Filipino in the Philippines was a disadvantage, he lived to prove this wrong and in his works that led to his death, he immortalized the true spirit of the Filipino people – the spirit of resilience, of valor, of greatness. His works and philosophies not only sparked a revolution, they were revolutionary. He was even himself a revolution in every sense of the word. Conrado de Quiros, in one of his columns, best described Rizal’s existence as he wrote and I quote, â€Å"Rizal’s greatest act of subversion was not something that he said or did. It was what he was. They probably would have executed him anyway even if he had not written savage satires of the friars and their brethren in government. His very existence was seditious. He was brilliant. That was the most seditious thing of all.† Jose Rizal lived in a time where those who fronted themselves as leaders and evangelizers led by reducing the ruled to nothingness, making them a horde of lazy, uneducated fools who owed the Spaniards a favor for ruling them; and evangelized by feeding them blind faith as they made the Indios believe that they were a bunch of sheep who would be lost without them. Then, suddenly, Rizal emerges from the institutions of Europe, where he turned himself into an arsenal of knowledge, bettering most of them and brimming with the desire to free his people from the brainwashing and the oppression. By virtue of his erudite and the burning passion for his bereaved motherland, he was despised. During those times, Rizal was not the Rizal we know today. Rizal was a traitor, Rizal was a filibuster, Rizal was a heathen, Rizal was even a philanderer, a womanizer, and everything that was no good. Worst of all, he was an excommunicado. In 1956, two world wars and decades after Rizal’s death and the dichotomy between state and church has been pronounced by Law, the Third Congress of the young Republic of the Philippines passed into Law Republic Act No. 1425, â€Å"An Act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life of Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.† It was called the Rizal Law and it was crafted so that the youth may know Jose Rizal so as to not forget who he was and what he did for our country and during the process of knowing Rizal in the formative and decisive years of a student in school, that they be re-dedicated to the ideals of freedom and   nationalism to which our Rizal and the rest of our heroes fought and died for. The Rizal Law My dear friends, this afternoon, I was given the task of lecturing to this august body how the Rizal Law came to be. Given that this is a historic piece of legislation, I hope its significance to our history will be enough to hold your attention until the end of the lecture. Ladies and gentlemen, please do not fall asleep because that would be very un-nationalistic and unRizal-like. The Rizal Law was principally authored by the Senator Jose P. Laurel and if I may add, not to be boastful but to express how proud I am of his legacy, that my grandfather, the late Senator Lorenzo Taà ±ada, co-authored and defended the Rizal Law in the halls of Senate with Senator Laurel. Senator Laurel was known to have read Rizal’s work extensively and he saw Rizal as our foremost hero and he believed that the only way of knowing him as a national hero was to read his works and to find out what he had done for us all, stating matter-of-factly, that there was simply no other way. For the senators who first proposed and defended the bill, one of the ways of honoring Rizal was to accord him recognition as the symbol of unity, and of our nationalistic sentiment as a people, as he himself showed us. When the Rizal Law was first drafted on April 3, 1956 as Senate Bill No. 438 entitled, â€Å"An act to make the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo compulsory reading matter in all public and private colleges and universities for other purposes,† Senator Laurel, then the chairman of the Senate Committee on Education did not expect to encounter any opposition to the bill. However, mainly because of the fact that despite the established secularization between church and state, the influence of the Catholic Church casted a dark shadow on the proceedings on the passage of the bill, highlighting four major issues that forced the principal author to make serious amendments on the original bill – (a) the compulsory nature of the bill, (b) religion, (c) the de finition of â€Å"basic texts† and â€Å"required readings,† and lastly, (d) the power of the National Board of Education. Compulsory Nature of the Act In the original bill drafted, reading of the unexpurgated versions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo was compulsory among students. This  was the bone of controversy to some of the Senators, the press, and the Catholic Church. The substitute bill sponsored by Senator Laurel corrected this by ordering that the compulsory aspect of reading the unexpurgated versions be applicable only to those in the collegiate level but the two books must be present in the libraries of all schools. Senator Laurel maintained throughout the entire debate that there is no compulsion or compulsory reading of the Noli and Fili in their original and unexpurgated form in schools and institutions below college level. Courses on the life, works and writings of Rizal, however, should be included in the curricula for schools, colleges and universities. He strongly believed that students in the tertiary level should be compelled to read the unexpurgated versions, and that Rizal’s two greatest works should not be disfigured or expurgated, because he believed that by disfiguring them, we disfigure Rizal. Religion The compulsory aspect of the bill was considered scandalous because of one thing, Religion. The Catholic Church has always had its way of making its influence known in matters of legislation. In the mid-1950’s, many Catholic Schools still banned their libraries from having copies of the Noli and Fili because of their subversive nature. Section 4 of the Rizal Law states in part that, â€Å"Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amending or repealing Sec. 927 of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.† It is prohibited by law to discuss any problems affecting dogma and religious creed. In one of the interpellations, the late Senator Roseller T. Lim argued that â€Å"the possibility that in some respects we might divide our people, religious doctrines that might be brought up in the Noli Me Tangere or El Filibusterismo may not be touched upon or discussed.† To this statement, Senator Taà ±ada, asked â€Å"are teachers both in public and private schools not precluded from explaining even matters of religion contained in these two novels?† Senator Laurel defends the bill by stating, â€Å"when you use the novels of Rizal and a question was asked by a pupil and the teacher explains, he is supposed to explain in his own way in accordance to his beliefs, but he is not supposed to engage in religious discussion in favor of any religious sect or domination because there is separation between the Church and the State.† He furthers that, â€Å"if there is some question raised  to the teachers, the teachers must explain.† A scenario was raised by another Senator to deepen the discussion, â€Å"what if a professor is Catholic in a public school or an Aglipayan in a private school and the chapter where Pilosopong Tasyo and Purgatory comes up and a student asks whether or not purgatory exists?† If you remember in Chapter 14 of Noli, Pilosopong Tasyo, the man who was considered a lunatic for knowing too much from books by the Indios who knew nothing, boldly explains how he did not believe in purgatory and goes on about how it is just an imagined construct for Christians to live a good life. Of course, that chapter was a stab to the church so it was highly controversial during those times, apparently it was seen as controversial even until 1956. Senator Laurel answered that, â€Å"if you give freedom to the other teacher denying purgatory or defending purgatory, whatever may be his opinion, you have to grant that to the rest of the teachers. We cannot prohibit in one case what we grant in other cases.† The point of it was that if a student asks, the teacher must explain. The Catholic Church even issued a statement backed by the Archbishop then saying that the reading of the unexpurgated versions of the two novels would be contrary to the precepts of the religion of the church. The problem the senators had to face was the fact that students would be placed in a situation where on the one hand, he or she would like to follow the civil authorities to read the two novels, while on the other hand, he or she has the statement from his church that to read these books would be against the tenets of Catholicism. To these arguments, the senators behind the Rizal Law made it clear that those pronouncements which are lofty, patriotic, nationalistic, instructive, and of great educational value are the principles that should be disseminated and propagated and taught to the Filipino youth. Senator Laurel, being well-versed on the works of Rizal defends the hero by arguing that it was not Rizal’s intention to directly attack the church, but only those individuals who have prostituted and oppressed the Filipinos in the name of the Catholic religion. It was never Rizal’s purpose to impair and destroy the sacred institution of the Roman Catholic Church, he simply wanted to expose the rascals, the criminals, the oppressive elements of the religious institutions then in vogue. At the end of the discussion, Senator Laurel boldly states that the students had to make the decision of whether or not to read the two novels for themselves.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Basic Texts† vs. â€Å"Required Readingà ¢â‚¬  Another issue was based on the technical aspects of the substitute bill. Section 1 of the Rizal Law states in part that, â€Å"in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and the El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.† Some of the senators found difficulty in understanding the broadness of the term, â€Å"basic text,† so a good number of time was spent on this issue. Senator Laurel, being the principal author of the bill and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Education, was asked for a technical definition but was adamant about giving one arguing that this task should be relegated to the Board of National Education, which was composed of technical experts on the field of education. Senator Taà ±ada’s thoughts enlightened everyone on the matter arguing that basic text means something that is required because that is the plain meaning. When a text is basic, it is so considered because of its importance. If there is a basic subject that is required for the obtaining of a degree or the finishing of a course, that means that you cannot graduate unless you have successfully passed the subject because that subject is a requirement, and, therefore, a basic subject which if a student has not finished will not permit him to terminate his course or to graduate. Because of the difficulties the senators faced in the compulsory aspect of the bill, the concept of â€Å"required reading materials† was presented as an alternative. Some senators suggested that instead of being used as basic texts, why not just include the Noli and Fili in the list of required readings along with other books containing the same ideals of patriotism and nationalism so that students would have the choice of reading other required books if they find the Noli and Fili offensive to their respective religions. Senator Laurel would later yield to t his suggestion as a compromise to the detractions of the Catholic Church and the senators belonging to her. Power of the Board of National Education In order to settle some of the contentious issues found in the bill, the senators agreed to one solution – to authorize the Board of National Education to carry out the responsibilities of (a) writing and printing appropriate primers, readers and textbooks for the lower years, (b)  promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of the bill, and (c) promulgate rules and regulations for the exemption of students for reasons of religious beliefs. This authorization was given based on logic that the Board of National Education, which was composed of technical experts on the field of education, will carry out the said responsibilities in the manner that will best insure the objectives of the law and in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This would also save the senators from the detractors on and against the side of the Catholic Church, the BNE would be the target of these hecklers later on. The final Rizal Law underwent several changes, but the 23 senators who voted Yes to the compromise bill on that faithful day of May 17, 1956, considered it as a step forward because of how it reasserted the power of the State to control and regulate the education of the people, while at the same time, it also conserved and preserved the liberty of conscience by leaving the option to the parties concerned that is, to the students themselves. Despite of the compromise that was drawn wherein students were no longer compelled to read the unexpurgated versions of the Noli and Fili, the fact that the courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal were to be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, private or public, remained. And this has been in effect since then. The Rizal Law is the reason why we all know and remember Jose Rizal, who he was and what he stood for. It is why we know Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Maria Clara, Padre Damaso, and Pilosopong Tasyo. It is why we know Simoun, Isagani, Basilio, Kabesang Tales, Tandang Selo, Ben-zayb and Placido Penitente. My dear friends, as I threw out all those names, I was hoping for only one thing†¦that you can still recall who and what those names stood for. That you can still remember, and as you reminisce, that your memory of those characters awaken the emotions – the hurt, the anguish, the sense of betrayal from the oppressors, and the sense of patriotism, of wanting to fight for those who were oppressed, the love for our countrymen, and the love for our country – all these emotions that Rizal awakened within us when we were just students learning of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. If you are feeling these emotions right now, then I can truly say that Rizal’s legacy and the legacy of the Rizal Law lives on with us today. If not, I beg of you to read the Noli and Fili once again for they  have much to tell us and for they have much more to teach us. You may be surprised that the characters in Noli and Fili are very much alive and have taken different names in present day Philippine society. Ladies and gentlemen, the stories of the Noli and Fili, including Rizal’s struggle to publish them, tells us of resilience – that even the worst of times may not be a hurdle in the quest for excellence. Clearly, the late senators had their fair share of resilience in fighting for the passage of the Rizal Law despite the unpopular image it gave them. Not to drive a nail on the wall, but I think the enactment of the Rizal Bill into law was their way of exercising their patriotism. It was a testament of their living up to Rizal’s ideals and they have been quite successful in teaching Rizal to every Filipino. It was the same sense of nationalism and patriotism from Rizal’s teachings, I believe, that encouraged the 12 Senators 35 years later on September 16, 1991, to reject the continued presence of US Military Bases in our country. But most of all, my dear friends, the Noli and Fili tells us of heroism and nationalism. As Conrado de Quiros once again puts it, â€Å"striving becomes all the more luminous when done in the service of one’s own people, one’s own country.† Rizal believed that Filipinos are capable of far greater things and he and others like him were living proof of this, which is why he immortalized the true spirit of the Filipino people in his two great novels. Jose Rizal may remain unrivaled in his brilliance but he never meant to intimidate, he served to show us, to remind us, of who and what we are and of who a nd what we can become. In Rizal’s writings, our culture of resistance to oppressors was perpetuated. This is why we are a nation that resists when we are subjected to the brink. We are not afraid to dissent, to oppose, to fight. From the legacy that Rizal and our great heroes left us, let us ask ourselves, â€Å"What have we done to live up to this?† Today, we have been unfortunate to have lost the best and the brightest to other countries, our fields are being devoured by floods, our waters continue to be polluted by oil spills and our fishing grounds are running empty, our public schools are festering with termites while teachers sell longganiza to the students to augment their delayed salaries, businesses find no mercy in terminating long-time employees to save money, churches find it better to be chauvinistic than to address the poverty that overpopulation has progenized, where factories see neighborhoods as waste  disposal areas, and most of all, where those in power find it routine to squander the money of the people. We know what the cancer of our society is, it is still the same cancer that plagued Rizal’s time. The only difference is that ours has spread. The question now remains, have we, in any way, contributed to the cure? Or are we part of those who let the tumors fester? In Rizal’s work, The Indolence of the Filipinos, Rizal himself said: â€Å"Peoples and governments are correlated and complementary; a fatuous government would be an anomaly among a righteous people, just as a corrupt people cannot exist under just rulers and wise laws.† In other words, progress and prosperity can only be achieved only by a responsible citizenry. No number of measures for reforms and betterment would be enough if the people themselves tolerate abuses, are indifferent to rising issues, and are timid and apathetic to the ills besetting our country. When we are fully conscious of our duties and obligations to our people and country, when nationalism becomes a way of life, triumphant and influencing our daily life, then we can truly say that we have followed the teachings and examples of Rizal. Only then, can we hold our heads high, knowing that we have re-oriented our ways to the dreams and goals that Rizal had envisioned for us. Nationalism today places before us a grand challenge, a great responsibility. More than ever, in our national existence, we need Rizal to enlighten us, to be a symbol of our onward struggle for the realization of our ambition as a nation, unfettered not only politically, but culturally and economically. With nationalism — as demonstrated by Rizal — as our weapon and means, we will triumph.